CAUSE AND EFFECT

Cause tells why something

happened
Effect tells what happened
Identify the cause and effect.

1. Dynamite fishing and cyanide fishing destroy marine sources.

2. The air is so polluted that there are many people succumbing

to respiratory diseases like asthma.

3. Oil spills and toxic waste pollute the seas so the fish are
dying.
Write C if the underlined statement is a cause and E
if it is an effect.

E
___1. Summer winds are strong so children often fly
kites.
___2.
E It is dangerous to go out during typhoon for
you can be hit by falling trees.
___3.
C It started to rain when the sky became dark.
___4.
C You need to study well, or you will fail the test.
___5.
E They need to avoid the sun during summer
because they suffer skin rashes.
Underline the cause once and the effect twice.

1. He broke his arm, so the doctor put it in cast.

2. I have 5 cavities, because I never brush my teeth.

3. If you train your dog, he will follow commands.

4. I’ve smoked cigarettes daily for 20 years, so I have

lung cancer.

5. Because the alarm was not set, we were late for work.
 SIMPLE SENTENCE
I can’t go to school today.
We should spend some time to
practice reading.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
is made up of a subject and a
predicate. It contains one
independent clause only.

Mark was extremely happy winning

the contest. An independent clause
is a group of words that
Let us heed our parents’ advice.
has a complete thought.
The people respected the decision of
the judge.
 COMPOUND SENTENCE
I can’t go to school today because
COMPOUND SENTENCE
I am sick. is made up of two or more
We should spend some time to independent clauses. The
practice reading in order that
clauses are joined by
to enhance our reading skills.
coordinating conjunctions.
Mark was extremely happy winning the
contest that he couldn’t sleep that
night.
Let us heed our parents’ advice
so that we will have a better future.

The people respected the decision of

the judge because it is final.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
is made up of one independent clause and one
or more dependent clauses.

A dependent clause is a group of

words that has an incomplete thought.

- When I lost all my friends, I became a people watcher.

- Although he was wealthy, he was still unhappy.
 CONJUNCTION
Conjunction is a part of speech that connects a
word, phrase, or clause.

COORDINATING SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION CONJUNCTION

CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTION
COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
FOR - is used to mean “because”
AND - joins two similar thoughts
NOR - is used like or when none of the thoughts is true
B UT - show a contrast between two ideas
OR - indicates that only one of the two ideas is correct
Y ET - show a contrast between two ideas
S O - shows that the second thought follows the first
Choose the most appropriate conjunction to go in the blank.

1. Please bring me a towel, ____ I can dry the dishes.

a. but b. nor c. so
2. Take your clothes and shoes to your room, ____ put them away.
a. and b. or c. yet
3. Our teacher does not allow cellphones in class, ____ does she use hers
during class.
a. or b. nor c. yet
4. Mom bought a new shelf for my room, ____ I now have a place to put my
trophies.
a. yet b. so c. but
5. You can turn your paper in during class, ____ you can email it to Ms. Pabular
by tomorrow morning.
a. so b. or c. and
Underline the cause once and the effect twice.
Compound Sentence
1. He broke his arm, so the doctor put it in cast.
Compound Sentence
2. I have 5 cavities, because I never brush my teeth.
Complex Sentence
3. If you train your dog, he will follow commands.

4. I’ve smoked cigarettes daily for 20 years, so I have

lung cancer. Compound Sentence

5. Because the alarm was not set, we were late for work.
Complex Sentence
Remember:

Sentences that show cause and effect

relationship, clauses that express
problem and solution have no definite
position.
Match column A with column B to complete the sentence. Then
identify the sentences that show problem-and-solution
relationships.
COLUMN A COLUMN B

B a. so we have decided to go to an
____ 1. I’m going to the bank
aviary so that he could see
D 2. If your injury will not heal
____
birds
A 3. My brother is afraid of lions b. because I will withdraw some
____

4. I really enjoyed the music money

E 5. My family has cancelled all c. but we are planningto do them
____
our travel plans after the pandemic
C
____
d. you cannot join the game on
Monday
e. although it was too loud for me
 SENTENCE
- A group of words that makes complete sense or thought.

- It begins with a capital letter and end with a period (.), question mark (?), or
exclamation mark (!).

Every complete sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate.

* Subject- is what or who the sentence is about

* Predicate- is what is being said about the subject. It describes what is

happening.

Ex.: Harry baked a pie.

SUBJECT PREDICATE
A simple sentence is made up of a subject and a
predicate. It contains one independent clause only.

Ex.: I can’t go to school today.

 
A compound sentence is made up of two or more
independent clauses. The clauses are joined by
coordinating conjunctions.

Ex.: I can’t go to school today because I am sick.

A complex sentence is made up of one independent
clause and one or more dependent clauses.

Ex.: Although he was wealthy, he was still unhappy.

 
A dependent clause is a group of words that has an
incomplete thought.
 
An independent clause is a group of words that has
a complete thought.