Learning

LEARNING
Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D

Assistant professor psychologist
Department of Psychiatry
Sri Guru Ram das institute of Medical sciences and research, vallah Amritsar
Meaning of Learning
◦ Learning is a change in behaviour: it is a change that

take place through practice or experience.
◦ Learning may be for conscious purpose or it may be for

biological and social adjustments.
Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Definition of Learning
◦ Learning is more or less permanent modification of an individuals

activity in a given situation, due to the practice in attempts to achieve
some goal or solve some problem. -- Bernhardt
◦ Learning is change in the individual following upon changes in his

environment. -- Peel
◦ Learning is a serial or gradual change of behaviour. This is a special

process, which takes place as a result of observation or training.
-- Mann ML

Learning
Laws Of Learning
By
Edward Thorndike

Learning
Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

Learning
Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

Learning
Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

Learning
Laws of Learning

Learning
Laws of Learning

Learning
Laws of Learning

Learning
Laws of Learning

Learning
Laws of Learning

Learning
Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

Learning
Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

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Laws of Learning

Types of Learning
1. Leaning by conditioning
( Classical Condition and Operant Conditioning)
2. Learning by Insight
3. Observation Learning (Learning by imitation)
4. Learning By Trial and Error

Types of Learning
Learning by association is called conditioning
There are two type of conditioning
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Pavlov Skinner
Learning through Association Association between behaviour
and consequences

Classical Conditioning










Operant Conditioning



Learning by cognition ( Insight)







Learning by Imitation (Observation)






Learning by Imitation Trial and Error




Effective way to learn
◦ Massed and Spaced Learning
◦ Whole and part learning
◦ Recitation and Reading
◦ Serial and Free Recall
◦ Knowledge of result
◦ Association organization
◦ Mnemonic method
◦ Incidental and intentional Learning and
◦ Role of Language

Massed and Spaced Learning
Massed and Spaced learning
Conditions are those in which individuals practice a task continuously without rest. (Cramming)where as
Conditions are those in which individuals are given rest intervals within the practice sessions. (Distributed
or interleaving)

Whole and Part Learning
Whole and Part
E.g. Poem
One is to read the poem again and again from beginning till end as a whole. This is called whole method of
learning where as Poem divided in the parts and each part is learned or memorized. This is called part
method of learning .

Recitation / Reading
Learning
Recitation / Reading
In this method to learner first reads the matter once or twice and the tries to recite and recall without
looking at that material. In this way, recitation method provide continuous self-appraisal. Learner evaluates
himself and herself from time to time and notes the points. To these points attention can be paid and thus
he/she is saved of unnecessarily repeating the already memorized material. Moreover the recitation
method is more stimulating than the continued and avoids them by close attention.

Serial Learning and Free Recall
Serial Learning and Free Recall
Serial Learning consist of such learning in which the learner is presented with such type of learning
material that exhibits some sequential or serial order on other hand free recall Material that has been
learned may be repeated in any order.

Knowledge of Result and Association Organization
Goal of Learning
Acquisition of Knowledge Acquisition of skill

Perception:- Perception refer to the acquisition of specific Under skill are included the sensory motor process such as
knowledge about objects or events directly stimulating the sense writing, reading, musical performance, language acquisition
at any particular movement. in its vocal aspect, drawing and art generally.
Conception:- Conception means acquisition of organised
knowledge in form of concepts or general ideas, which transcend True learning is enrichment of experience it is because of this
any particular percept. view of learning process that today we find an emphasis on
Associate learning:- Associate learning corresponds to memory activity programs, learning by doing the project method, self
both as the deliberate recall and recognition, past experience and activity etc rather than the book reading
a habit or automatic memory due to association.
Appreciation :- Appreciation is acquisition of ideas, attitudes or
dispositions characterized by an emotional tone

Mnemonic Method
A Mnemonic is considered as something that can be used to

remember things in faster and an efficient manner.
Mnemonics has many types of methods of learning that makes it
quicker and easily applicable on the larger chunks of information.

Mnemonic Method
◦ There are basically nine types of mnemonics which come in the form of devices
basis different individuals and their capabilities.
1.Music mnemonics 6.Note organization Mnemonics
2. Name mnemonics 7. Image Mnemonics
3. Expression or Word 8. Connection Mnemonics
4. Model Mnemonics 9. Spelling Mnemonics
5 Ode Mnemonics

Incidental and Intentional Learning
Incidental learning is the learning of one stimulus Intentional learning is described as the having the
feature while concentrating on another stimulus intention to learn the material and to commit it to
feature too. A little more specific connotation of ones memory. It explains the study conditions where
incidental learning is that it involves the learning of participants are forewarned that they will be tested
formal aspects through a center of attention on on material to which they are exposed. Participants
semantic aspects. Incidental learning can occur in in an intentional learning task are told in advance
many modes inclusive of observations, that they will be tested in after the learning phase;
communications with colleagues about tasks or they will try to store the word information that is to
projects, experiencing mistakes, assumptions and be learned in a form perceived as a transferable to
adapting to new situations. the test situation.

Role of Language in Learning
Broadly speaking language is a means of expression. We express our

feelings and thoughts through it. According to Gray language may be
regarded as, “ any means of expressing emotional and mental concepts by
any living being or beings whatsoever and communicating them to or
receiving them from other living beings.” Since language is a means or
medium of expression, it has a character of universality.

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LEARNING

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D

◦ Learning is a change in behaviour: it is a change that

◦ Learning may be for conscious purpose or it may be for

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

◦ Learning is more or less permanent modification of an individuals

◦ Learning is change in the individual following upon changes in his

◦ Learning is a serial or gradual change of behaviour. This is a special

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

3. Observation Learning (Learning by imitation)

4. Learning By Trial and Error

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist

Dr Amandeep Singh Ph.D Assistant Professor Psychologist