Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery

Relay Performance Testing

Jay Gosalia
Vice President of Marketing
Doble Engineering Company, USA
Protection Scheme: Requirements
Dependability

Distribution Transmission

Reliability
Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
IEEE/CIGRE Recommendations

 Integrity test
 Application test

IEEE

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Integrity Tests

Confirm Protection
meets manufacturer’s
published
Specifications.
Specifications.

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Integrity Tests

Confirm Protection
meets manufacturer’s
published
Specifications.

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Integrity Test

 In service Periodic testing

 Mfg. recommended Routine test
 Operating history of Relay type
 Complexity and criticality of protected
circuit
 Maintenance schedule

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Application Tests

Determine if the performance

of the Protection is satisfactory
for the
intended application.

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Application Tests

Determine if the performance

of the Protection is satisfactory
for the
Intended Application.

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Application Tests
 Type testing
 Relay selection
 Commissioning/System testing
 Operation analysis
 CT saturation and CVT transients
 Load flow and system condition
 Evolving fault, fault with high arc or ground
resistance

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Test Methods

 Steady state
 Dynamic state test
 60/50 Hz Dynamic testing
 Transient testing
 End to End satellite synchronized testing

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Steady State Test

Apply phasors to determine

protection settings by slowly
varying the protection input

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Steady State Test

Apply phasors to determine

protection settings by slowly
varying the protection input

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Steady State Testing

 Integrity test
 Traditional tests
 Slow changing of phasors
 Individual control of phasors
 Reach accuracy, PU/DO test
 Does not simulate power system
conditions

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Steady State Testing: Phasors

VC

VA

I
A
VB

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Steady State Characteristic

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Steady State Test : Assumptions

 Distance relay reach test

 Radial line
 No load condition
 No fault resistance
 Homogeneous system
 Source impedance 
Line Impedance

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Steady State Test: Limitations
 Relay is alive and working
 Test results are for reference only
 Important circuits are not tested
 Polarizing circuit
 Memory circuit
 Effect of load

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Steady State Test: Advantages

 Simple
 Test results tracking
 Drift in setting
 Component failure
 Computerized testing gains productivity

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 PRODUCTIVITY GAINS
Testing Automation
to gain productivity
250 240

200
Minutes
150
Manual
90 100
100 Auto
75

50 30
12
0
MBCH KCEG SPAJ

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Meaningful Testing

 Test protection under power system

condition
 Check complete protection scheme not
individual components
 Test complete scheme with associated pilot
communication scheme

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Dynamic
Protection Scheme
Testing

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
. . . testing under
Power System
Conditions

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Dynamic State Test

Simultaneously apply fundamental

frequency component of voltage
and current that represent power
system states.

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Dynamic State Test

Simultaneously apply fundamental

frequency component of voltage
and current that represent power
system states.

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Scheme Tests: Digital Protection

AR

21/79/25

3V *3 I XMTR

or RCVR
4V*4I
Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Dynamic State Testing

 Synchronous Phasor switching

 Closely approximates power system events
 Relay response check for
 Evolving fault
 Current reversal
 Actual operating time
 Polarizing and memory circuit check

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Dynamic State Testing

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Dynamic State Testing

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Dynamic Mho Characteristic
Z set
Z

ZS
Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Power Requirements

Protection Scheme
Testing

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Scheme Test: Ph-G Fault

EC 50 FD 21
EA
EB

Test Equipment 67N

Total impedance for Ph-G fault = 2.508 Ohms

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Scheme Test: Ph-G Fault

EC 50 FD 21
EA
EB

Test Equipment 67N

Total Burden VA for 5*In VA for 10*In

Ph - G FLT 2.508 Is Power 63
Knowledge 251 SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Transient Tests

Simultaneously apply fundamental

and non fundamental frequency
component of voltage & current that
represent power system Event.

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Transient Tests

Simultaneously apply fundamental

and non fundamental frequency
component of voltage & current that
represent power system Event.

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Transient Testing

 Simulates power system conditions

 Plays waveform coefficient
 Point by point control
 Fault inception angle control
 DC coupled amplifiers to play
transients in to the relay

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Transient Testing

 Evaluating relay performance under

actual power system conditions
 Analysis of questionable relay
operation
 Testing relays of special
characteristics

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Transient Testing: Data Sources

DFR Files EMTP/ATP

Files

RS 232
TransWin
Ethernet

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 End to End Testing
 Ultimate testing tool
 Evaluates complete relay and associated
equipment performance
 POTT scheme : Relay and communication
equipment
 Co-ordination between two end of relaying
scheme
 Current reversal
 Evolving fault

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 End to End Testing
 Commissioning test
 Diagnostic tool
 Requires satellite synchronization
 Requires high power for checking complete
scheme
 Primary and backup relaying
 High fault current events
 Mixed scheme e.g. Digital and E/M relays

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
End to End Testing

Comm Channel

Protection
under test

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 End to End Testing

 Alternate to costly stage fault testing

 Must for critical lines
 Ensures proper operation of the complete
protection scheme

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Present Trends
 Availability of Power System Simulators at
affordable price
 Downsizing
 Deregulation of power industry
 Meaningful testing of the protection scheme

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery