Relay Performance Testing: Jay Gosalia Vice President of Engineering and Marketing Doble Engineering Company, USA

Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Relay Performance Testing

Jay Gosalia
Vice President of Engineering and Marketing
Doble Engineering Company, USA
Protection Scheme Requirements
Dependability
Distribution Protection Transmission

Scheme
Reliability

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for Energy Delivery
IEEE/CIGRE Recommendations
 Integrity test
 Application test
IEEE

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Integrity Test
Confirm relay meets

manufacturer’s published
specifications.

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Integrity Test
 In service Periodic testing
 Mfg. recommended Routine test
 Operating history of Relay type
 Complexity and criticality of protected circuit
 Maintenance schedule

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Integrity Test
Determine if the
performance of the relay is
satisfactory for the
intended application.

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Application Test
 Type testing
 Relay selection
 Commissioning/System testing
 Operation analysis
 CT saturation and CVT transients
 Load flow and system condition
 Evolving fault, fault with high arc or ground
resistance

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Test Methods
 Steady state
 Dynamic state test
 60/50 Hz Dynamic testing
 Transient testing
 End to End satellite synchronized testing

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Steady State Test
Apply phasors to
determine relay settings
by slowly varying the relay
input.

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Steady State Testing
 Integrity test
 Traditional tests
 Slow changing of phasors
 Individual control of phasors
 Reach accuracy, PU/DO test
 Does not simulate power system conditions

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Steady State Testing: Phasors
VC
VA

I
A
VB

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Steady State Characteristic

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Steady State Test : Assumptions
 Distance relay reach test

 Radial line
 No load condition
 No fault resistance
 Homogeneous system
 Source impedance Line
Impedance

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Steady State Test: Limitations
 Relay is alive and working
 Test results are for reference only
 Important circuits are not tested
 Polarizing circuit
 Memory circuit
 Effect of load

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Steady State Test: Advantages
 Simple
 Test results tracking
 Drift in setting
 Component failure
 Computerized testing gains productivity

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PRODUCTIVITY GAINS
Testing Automation
to gain productivity
250 240
200
Minutes
150
Manual
90 100
100 Auto
75
50 30
12
0
MBCH KCEG SPAJ

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Meaningful Testing
 Test relays under power system conditions

 Check complete scheme not only
individual components/relays
 Tests complete protection schemes along
with pilot channels if possible

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Dynamic
Protection Scheme
Testing

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. . . testing under
Power System
Conditions

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Dynamic State Test
Simultaneously apply
fundamental frequency
component of voltage and
current that represent
power power system
states.

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Scheme Tests: Digital Protection
AR
21/79/25
XMTR
RCVR

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Dynamic State Testing
 Synchronous Phasor switching
 Closely approximates power system events
 Relay response check for
 Evolving fault
 Current reversal
 Actual operating time
 Polarizing and memory circuit check

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Dynamic Mho Characteristic
Z set
Z
ZS

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Power Requirements
Protection Scheme
Testing

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Scheme Test: Ph-G Fault
EC 50 FD 21
EA
EB
Test Equipment 67N
Total impedance for Ph-G fault = 2.508 Ohms


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Scheme Test: Ph-G Fault
EC 50 FD 21
EA
EB
Test Equipment 67N

Total Burden VA for 5*In VA for 10*In
Ph - G FLT 2.508 63 251

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Transient Tests
Simultaneously apply
fundamental and non
fundamental frequency
component of voltage and
current that represent
power system Event.

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Transient Testing
 Simulates power system conditions
 Plays waveform coefficient
 Point by point control
 Fault inception angle control
 DC coupled amplifiers to play transients in
to the relay

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Transient Testing
 Evaluating relay performance under

actual power system conditions
 Analysis of questionable relay
operation
 Testing relays of special
characteristics

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Transient Testing: Data Sources
DFR EMTP / ATP

Files Files
RS 232
TransWin
Ethernet

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End to End Testing
 Ultimate testing tool
 Evaluates complete relay and associated
equipment performance
 POTT scheme : Relay and communication
equipment
 Co-ordination between two end of relaying
scheme
 Current reversal
 Evolving fault

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End to End Testing
 Commissioning test
 Diagnostic tool
 Requires satellite synchronization
 Requires high power for checking complete
scheme
 Primary and backup relaying
 High fault current events
 Mixed scheme e.g. Digital and E/M relays

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End to End Testing
Comm Channel
Protection
under test

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End to End Testing
 Alternate to costly stage fault testing
 Must for critical lines
 Ensures proper operation of the complete
relaying scheme

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Present Trends
 Availability of Power System Simulators at

affordable price
 Downsizing
 Deregulation of power industry
 Meaningful testing of the protection scheme

for Energy Delivery

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Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management