EUROPEAN DIGITAL CARRIER SYSTEM

DIGITAL DATA SERVICES

 A digital leased line is used with a maximum data rate

of 64 Kbps
DIGITAL CARRIER STANDARD

 T-carrier
 North America, Japan
 E-carrier
Europe, South America

 SONET/SDH
World-wide new standard
EUROPEAN DIGITAL CARRIER SYSTEM

●
E-carrier System
●
Derived from T-carrier system
●
Developed in early 1960s at Bell Labs
●
Used mainly for fast access to the Internet
E-CARRIER BUILDING BLOCKS

 Capacity are expressed in DS0

 Digital Signal Zero
 Equal to 64kbps
 E1
 Has 32 DS0 channels
 Operates over two separate sets of wire(usually coaxial
cable)
 Line data rate=2.048 Mbps
 8-bit sample 8000 times/sec
 8 x 8000 x 32 = 2,048,000
PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY(PDH)
 From Greek word plesio meaning near, and chronos, time.
 also known as the PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation) system
 digital transmission of several telephone calls over the same
four-wire copper cable (T-carrier or E-carrier)
PDH
 Technology used in telecommunication network to
transport large quantities of data over digital
transport equipment.

 Different networks runs in a state almost, but

not quite perfectly synchronized.
PDH SYSTEM

 Basic data transfer rate is 2048 kbit/s

 30 x 64 kbit/s channels
 2 x 64 kbit/s channels used for signaling and
synchronization
 The whole 2 Mbit/s may be used for non speech
purposes, for example, data transmission
 The exact data rate of the 2 Mbit/s data stream is
controlled by a clock in the equipment

 The exact rate is allowed to vary some percentage

(+/- 50 ppm)
PDH SYSTEM

 To move multiple 2 Mbit/s data streams from one place

to another, they are combined together, or
"multiplexed" in groups of four

 This is done by taking 1 bit from stream #1, followed

by 1 bit from stream #2, then #3, then #4
PDH SYSTEM
 The transmitting multiplexer also adds additional
bits in order to allow the far end receiving
multiplexer to decode which bits belong to each
data stream
 These additional bits are called "justification" or
"stuffing" bits
 The resulting data stream from the above
process runs at 8,448 kbit/s (about 8 Mbit/s)
 Similar techniques are used to combine 4 x 8
Mbit/s together, giving 34 Mbit/s. 4 x 34 Mbit/s,
gives 140. 4 x 140 gives 565
SDH SYSTEM

 Developed to replace the Plesiochronous

Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for
transporting large amounts of telephone and
data traffic

 There are multiple very closely related

standards that describe synchronous optical
networking:
 SDH or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy standard developed by the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

 SDH is widely used today

SDH SYSTEM

 Synchronous networking differs from PDH in that

the exact rates that are used to transport

 Data are tightly synchronized across the entire

network

 Made possible by atomic clocks

SDH FRAME
 The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level
- 1) frame.
 basic transmission format for SDH or the
fundamental frame or the first level of the
synchronous digital hierarchy
 STM-1 frame transmitted in exactly 125
microseconds
 there are 8000 frames per second on a fiber-
optic circuit
SDH FRAME

 The STM-1 frame consists of overhead plus a

virtual container capacity
 The first 9 columns of each frame make up the
Section Overhead
 The last 261 columns make up the Virtual Container
(VC) capacity
 The VC plus the pointers (H1, H2, H3 bytes) is called
the AU (Administrative Unit)
SDH FRAME
STM-1 frame
SDH BANDWIDTHS