A View Of Life

Chapter 1
 Learning Objective 1

What are the three basic themes of

biology?
 KEY CONCEPTS

• Basicthemes of biology include

evolution, information transfer, and
energy for life
 Evolution

• Populations change over time,

from earlier forms of life
 Information Transfer

• Genetic information is transferred:

– Within cells
– Within organisms
– Among organisms
– From one generation to another
 Energy for Life

• Energy flows
- from the sun to Earth
- from producers to consumers
 Learning Objective 2

What characteristics distinguish

living organisms from nonliving
things?
 KEY CONCEPTS

• Characteristics of life include

growth and development, self-
regulated metabolism, response to
stimuli, and reproduction
Building Blocks of Life

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 Cell Structure

• Plasma membrane
– Surrounds and protects cell
– Separates cell from environment

• DNA
– Codes genetic instructions

• Organelles
– Internal structures for special functions
 Two Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic cells
– Bacteria and archaea
– Single celled organisms
– No membrane-bound organelles

• Eukaryotic cells
– Organelles enclosed by membranes
– Nucleus contains DNA
 Organisms Grow and Develop

• Biological growth
– Increases size and/or number of cells

• Development
– Changes that take place during an
organism’s lifetime
Organisms Regulate Their Metabolic
Processes

• Metabolism
– All the chemical activities of the organism

• Homeostasis
– Homeostatic mechanisms regulate and
balance the internal environment
 Organisms Respond to Stimuli
• Stimuli
– Physical or chemical changes in the
internal or external environment
– Cause the organism to respond
 Organisms Reproduce

• Asexual reproduction
– Low genetic variability

• Sexual reproduction
– High genetic variability
Populations Evolve and Become
Adapted to the Environment
 Learning Objective 3

What are the hierarchical levels of

biological organization?
 KEY CONCEPTS

• Biological organization is
hierarchical and includes chemical,
cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
and organism levels
 KEY CONCEPTS

•Ecological organization includes

population, community, ecosystem,
and biosphere levels
 The Hierarchy of
Biological Organization
 Organism

Population
Organ system

Organ

Community
Tissue
Bone cells
Cell
Nucleus
Organelle
Ecosystem
Macromolecule
Biosphere
Molecule Oxygen atom

Hydrogen atoms
Water Fig. 1-6, p. 7
Life’s Levels of Organization

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 Learning Objective 4

What is the importance of

information transfer to living
organisms?
 DNA

• Transmits information from one

generation to the next
• Contains 4 types of nucleotides
• Makes up genes
• Codes for proteins
The DNA Molecule
 Information is Transmitted

• Chemical and electrical signals

– Proteins
– Hormones
– Cell signaling
– Neurotransmitters
 Evolution:
The Unifying Concept of Biology

• Theory of Evolution
– Explains changes in populations over time

• Evolution
– Processes by which populations change
overtime
 Learning Objective 5

What is the binomial system of

nomenclature used to classify living
organisms?
 Organizing the Study of Life

• Systematics
– Study of organisms and their evolutionary
relationships
• Taxonomy
– Science of naming and classifying
organisms

• Species
– Populations capable of breeding with one
another
Taxonomic Classification is
Hierarchical

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Classificación Taxonomica
 Learning Objective 6

What are the 3 domains and

6 kingdoms of living organisms?
 KEY CONCEPTS

• The tree of life includes three

major branches, or domains, and six
kingdoms
Tree of Life
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Six Kingdoms:

Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Animalia Fungi

Common
ancestor of
all organisms
Fig. 1-9, p. 12
DOMAIN
Eukarya

KINGDOM

Animalia

PHYLUM

Chordata

CLASS
Mammalia

ORDER
Primates

FAMILY
Pongidae
GENUS
Pan
SPECIES Stepped Art

Pan troglodytes Fig. 1-8, p. 10

Three Domains
• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Eukarya
Six Kingdoms
• Archaea
• Bacteria
• Protista
• Plantae
• Fungi
• Animalia
 Learning Objective 7

What is the theory of evolution, and

why is it the unifying principle of
biology?
 KEY CONCEPTS

• Species evolve by natural

selection, adapting to changes in
their environment.
 Adaptation

• Interactions between environmental

conditions and genes
• Takes place over many generations
• An evolutionary process
 Learning Objective 8

How can natural selection cause

adaptations to evolve?
 Natural Selection

• Theory of natural selection

– Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

• Applies to populations, not individuals

 Darwin’s 4 Observations
1. Individuals of a species vary
2. More offspring are produced than
survive
3. Organisms compete for resources;
some are better adapted to succeed
4. Best-adapted individuals survive to
reproduce
 Mutations

• Chemical or physical changes in DNA

• Can be inherited

• Cause genetic variation

 Evolution

• Process by which populations change

over time as a result of selective
pressures from changes in environment
 Gene Pool

• All the genes in a population

 Learning Objective 9

What are the roles of producers,

consumers, and decomposers in the
flow of energy through ecosystems?
 Energy for Life
• Life depends on energy from the sun
 NUTRITION

Nutrients

Some used as Some used as

raw materials fuel

OTHER CELLULAR
SYNTHESIS
ACTIVITIES RESPIRATION
Manufacture of
• Homeostasis needed materials Biological process
• Movement of and structures of breaking down
materials in and molecules
out of cells
• Growth and
development
• Reproduction

Energy

Fig. 1-12, p. 14
Energy Flow
 Light
energy

Heat

Food

Consumer
(caterpillar)

Consumer
(robin)
Producer
(plant)

Plant litter, Dead

wastes bodies
Decomposers
Soil (bacteria, fungi)
Fig. 1-13, p. 14
 Autotrophs
• Producers (autotrophs)
– Make their own food
– Transform light energy to chemical energy
through photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis
CO2 + water + light → sugars + oxygen
 Heterotrophs

• Consumers (heterotrophs) use energy

stored by producers through cellular
respiration

sugars + oxygen → CO2 + water + energy

• Decomposers (heterotrophs) break down

wastes and dead organisms
 Learning Objective 10

What procedures and terminology

are used to test a hypothesis using
the scientific method?
 KEY CONCEPTS

• Biologistsask questions, develop

hypotheses, make predictions, and
collect data by careful observation
and experiment
 The Process of Science

• Deductive reasoning draws specific

conclusions based on information
(facts)

• Inductive reasoning draws general

conclusions based on specific
observations
The Scientific Method
• Observation
• Question or problem
• Hypotheses
• Testable predictions
• Experiments
• Analyze data
• Conclusions
 The Hypothesis

• A tentative explanation for observations

– Consistent with facts

• Can be tested
– Tests can be repeated by others

• Can be rejected
– Is falsifiable
 Testing Predictions by Experiment

• Prediction
– Deductive product of a hypothesis

• Control group
– Closely matches experimental group

• Experimental group
– Differs from control group in 1 variable
Testing a Prediction
 Amoeba
dies

(a) Experimental group. When its nucleus is surgically

removed with a microloop, the amoeba dies.

Amoeba
lives

(b) Control group. A control amoeba subjected to similar

surgical procedures (including insertion of a microloop),
but without actual removal of the nucleus, does not die. Fig. 1-17, p. 18
 Interpreting Experiments
• Data analysis
Fig. 1-18a, p. 19
(a) Number of chimpanzees successfully employing
specific method of tool use
Fig. 1-18b, p. 19
(b) Number of chimpanzees successfully employing
learned method of tool use two months later
Fig. 1-18c, p. 19
 Sampling Error
• Can lead to inaccurate conclusions
 Curtain

Single selection
Marbles

produces

Assumption

Actual ratio 100% blue

20% blue
80% white
Fig. 1-19a, p. 20
 Curtain

Multiple selections
Marbles
produce

Assumption

Actual ratio 30% blue

20% blue 70% white
80% white
Fig. 1-19b, p. 20
 Scientific Theory

• An explanation of the natural world

• Based on testable hypotheses

• Supported by reproducible observations

 Learning Objective 11

What is the difference between the

reductionist approach to scientific
research and the systems
approach?
 Two Approaches to Biology
• Reductionist
– Studies the simplest components

• Systems biology
– Builds on information from reductionism
– Interactive biology
Building Blocks of Life

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Insect Development

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Life’s Diversity

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Life’s Levels of Organization

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Sample Size and Accuracy

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