Misurata University

Faculty of Information Technology

Department of Telecommunications and Networks

Electrical and Electronic Circuits

2nd
AFIF S.ABUGHARSA
 Outlines
• NOTATION
• Parallel Circuits
– Total Conductance & Resistance
– The voltage & the source current
– KIRCHHOFF’S Current Low
– Current Divider Rule
– Voltage Sources In Parallel
NOTATION
Notation will play an increasingly important role in the analysis

• If E 12 V, then point a is 12 V positive with respect to ground potential.

• If a voltmeter placed from point b to ground reads 4 V, then the voltage
across R2 is 4 V, with the higher potential at point b.
 • Double-Subscript Notation

• Single-Subscript Notation

Va is the voltage from The voltage Vb is the voltage

point a to ground. from point b to ground.
In this case Va =10 V Because it is directly across
the 4-ohm resistor, Vb =4 V.
Homework.1

.1 Find the unknown resistance using the voltage divider rule and the
information provided for the circuits of Fig as shown below:

.2
Parallel Circuits
• Two elements, branches, or networks are in parallel if they have two points
in common.
TOTAL CONDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE

• Conductance G= 1/R (moh or siemens S )

I= G*V
• For parallel elements, the total conductance is the sum of the
individual conductances.
• The total resistance of parallel resistors is always less than
the value of the smallest resistor.
• For equal resistors in parallel:
• the total resistance of two parallel resistors is the
product of the two divided by their sum.
The voltage & the source current in PARALLEL CIRCUITS.
• The voltage across parallel elements is the same.
• For single-source parallel networks, the source current (Is ) is equal to the sum of the
individual branch currents.
• For parallel elements of different values, the current will split with a ratio equal to the
inverse of their resistor values.
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of the
currents entering and leaving an area, system, or junction is zero.
In other words,
the sum of the currents entering an area, system, or junction must equal the sum
of the currents leaving the area, system, or junction.
EXAMPLE
Determine the currents I3 and I4 of Fig as shown below using
Kirchhoff’s current law.
EXAMPLE Find the magnitude and direction of the currents I3,
I4, I6, and I7
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE

• For two parallel elements of equal value, the current will divide equally.
• For parallel elements with different values, the smaller the resistance,
the greater the share of input current.
VOLTAGE SOURCES IN PARALLEL
• Voltage sources are placed in parallel as shown below only if they have
the same voltage rating.
• The primary reason for placing two or more batteries in parallel of the
same terminal voltage would be to increase the current rating (and,
therefore, the power rating) of the source.

• If two batteries of different terminal voltages were placed in

parallel, both would be left ineffective or damaged because the
terminal voltage of the larger battery would try to drop rapidly to
that of the lower supply.