ORAL

COMMUNICATION
And here your subtitle.
 COMMUNICATION
The word communication originated from two Latin
words, communis and communicare.
Communis means to “make common” and Communicare
means to make common to many, share.”
Communication can be defined as “ a systematic
process by which people interact through the exchange
of verbal and non verbal symbols to create and
interpret meanings.
 The Process of Communication
There are seven elements of communication. The
source also called sender, is the origin of the
message, which contains the idea or action. To ensure
that the correct message is sent, the source encodes
it in the manner believed to be most understood by
the receiver who decodes the message. The message
goes through a channel, which may include the
telephone, radio, television, person to person, by letter
or public address system.
Feedback is the response made by
the receiver. It tells the sender if the
intended message is understood or
decoded properly. The transmission
of the message may be affected by
the noise.
“NOISE” is any barrier to communication.
 It could be Physical “noise” – actual noise such as loud
music or the irritating engine of a motorcycle.
 The second type of “noise” is Physiological – when the
body becomes a hindrance to good communication. For
example, because of a headache or a toothache, one
may not be able to effectively listen, or do anything for
that matter.
 The third type is Psychological “noise” which occur
when one is thinking deeply about something or is
suffering from an emotional condition (sadness,
depression, confusion).
Communication Models
Shannon- Weaver’s Model of Communication also referred to as the
Transmission or Standard View Model, has three main parts: sender,
channel, and receiver. Originally designed to mirror radio and telephone
technologies, the model presents the sender as the part of the telephone a
person speaks into, the channel as the telephone itself, while the receiver
as the part of the telephone where one hears the other person speaking.
The static and sometimes the absence of signal are considered noise.
Thus, the source produces a message, which the transmitter encodes as
signals. These signals are sent through a channel, which adapts them for
transmission to the receiver. Upon receipt, the receiver decodes the signal
for the destination. This summarizes the view of communication as means
of sending and receiving information.
Schramm’s Model of Communication
Schramm’s Model of Communication – the message is effectively sent
when the receiver correctly decodes what the source or sender
encodes. This means that both the source and the receiver have more
or less a common language, interpretations of symbols or visual or
nonverbal cues, experience or culture, expressions or signs used in
encoding and decoding the message in order to reach an
understanding. In the social interaction shown by this model, the
source at one time becomes the receiver, as the receiver becomes
the source, alternately encoding and decoding messages transmitted
from one to the other. Thus, communication is effective when the
receiver gives the appropriate feedback to the source.
Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication – The SMCR Model of
Communication expands the Shannon and Weaver Model. It includes elements
that may affect the transmission of information, encoding and decoding. It
shows that the source must have communication skills, right attitude, and
adequate knowledge, and consider the social system and culture of the
receivers. For example, one can have a doctoral degree on a topic but without
the skill to communicate effectively. Moreover, when this same person delivers
the message to a person with a different social or cultural background, the
message may not be received well. These same elements must also be
possessed by the receiver. This means that, for effective communication, the
source and the receiver must have more or less a common understanding of
the language, symbols, signs, or expressions used in the encoding and
decoding of the message.
The model presents the elements of the message: content, elements,
treatment, structure, and code. Content is the message, one may use
gestures, facial expressions, movements, or postures, which are called
elements. Transmitting the message may also depend on how the source
treats it, i.e., important, urgent, formal, casual. The structure of the
message or how the words are planned or arranged and the expression
that goes with it, all compose the code for the receiver to decode
accurately.
In this model, each of the five senses is a channel through which the
message is sent, e.g., a spoken message through seeing or tasting or
smelling; or preferred temperature through touching.
Thank you!