Flight Operations and Procedures Guide

Flight Operations and Procedures
Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Chapter 1
Definitions and abbreviations

Abeam
(ABM) - An aircraft is abeam a station when
that station is 90° to the right or left
of the track of the aircraft
Track
Heading 90°
Wind direction ☼
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available
(ASDA) - The length of the take-off run available
plus the length of the stop-
way, if provided
Take-off run available Stopway
Accelerate-stop distance available

Landing Distance Available
(LDA) - The length of runway which is declared
available and suitable for the ground run
of an aeroplane landing
50'
Landing distance available

Non-Precision Approach
(NPA) – An instrument approach procedure with
no glide path (VOR, NDB, LLZ)
MDA(H) Minimum Descent Altitude (Height)

Precision Approach
(PA) – An instrument approach in which both
azimuth and glide path guidance are
provided (ILS)
DA(H) Decision Altitude (Height)

Take-Off Distance Available
(TODA) - The length of the take-off run available,
plus the length of the clearway, if
provided
35 feet
Take-off run available Clearway
Take-off distance available

Take-Off Run Available
(TORA) - The length of runway declared available
and suitable for the ground run of an
aeroplane taking-off
Take-off run available Clearway
Take-off run available

Chapter 2
Preparing for an instrument flight

Preparing for an instrument flight
•Qualifications and recency
•Medically and mentally fit
•Is aircraft IFR certified
•Weather forecast
•Fuel calculations
•NOTAMS’s
Profile of an instrument flight
En-route
Arrival / STAR
Departure / SID
Diversion
Departure Holding
Aerodrome
Instrument Approach Missed Approach
Alternate
Aerodrome
Destination
Aerodrome
Chapter 3
Aerodromes

Airport lighting
Runway Edge Lights
90 600 meters

RL : Runway Lights
HRL : High intensity Runway Light
MRL : Medium intensity Runway Lights
LRL : Low intensity Runway Lights
24
Runway Centreline Lights
1 000 feet
90
2 000 feet

CL : Centreline Lights
CLCD : Centreline Lights Coded
CL30M : Centreline Lights 30 meter apart
24
Touchdown Zone Lights
90
24 900 meters
Threshold Identification Lights
90

THR – Gr : Green Threshold Lights
24
24
Displaced Threshold
Runway End Lights
90

EL : End Lights
REIL : Runway End Identification Lights
24
Taxiway Edge Lights
90
24
Taxiway Centreline Lights
90
24
Colour Abbreviations for Airport Lights
RUNWAY LIGHTING ABREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATION EXPLANATION

Am Amber

Bl Blue

Wh White

Rd Red

Sd Sodium

Ye Yellow

Gr Green

Approach Lighting System
Simplified Shortened Approach Lighting System
60m
300m
420m
Precision Approach Lighting System (PALS)
150m
915m
Precision Approach Lighting System Cat II and III
150m
305m
915m
Abbreviations for Approach Lights
RUNWAY LIGHTING ABREVIATIONS

APPROACH EXPLANATION

ALSF-1 Approach Light System with sequenced Flashing lights in

Cat 1 configuration
ALSF-2 Approach Light System with red barrettes and sequenced
Flashing lights in Cat 2 configuration
CD5B Coded Approach Light System with five bars suffix
MALS Medium Intensity Approach Light System
SALS Short Approach Light System
SSALS Simplified Short Approach Light System
PALS Precision Approach Light System

Visual Approach Slope Indicating System
(VASIS) – Two common types:
•Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
•Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

Visual Approach Slope Indicator
Accurate within 10º and 4 NM – Not accurate below 200 feet

Pilo
ts e
Glid ye
e lev
slo el
pe
ant
enn
a
Wh
ite
Re
d
Wh
ite
Re
d
Wh
ite
Red Pilo
ts e
Glid ye
e lev
slo el
pe
ant
enn
a
Precision Approach Path Indicator
Accurate to touchdown
Precision
W
Approach Path Indicator
hi
Re te
d
Wh
ite
Re
d
Whi
te
Red
Pilo
ts e
Glid ye
es lev
White lop el
ea
nte
Red nna
Precision
W
Approach Path Indicator
hi
Re te
d
Wh
ite
Re
d
Whi
te
Red
Pilo
ts e
Glid ye
es lev
White lop el
ea
nte
Red nna
Wing bar moved ± 120 meters upwind for wide-body jets

Mandatory Signs
They denote an entrance to a runway or critical area
Holding Position Markings
Minimum
60 meters
Intersections
Information Signs
Taxiway G3 Taxiway H
G3 A H
Taxiway A
A
Threshold Markings

RUNWAY WIDTH STRIPES
18m 4
23m 6
30m 8
45m 12
60m 16
24
30 meters
8 stripes – 30m
Runway Designation

PARALLEL RUNWAYS
L for Left runway
C for Centre runway
R for Right runway
24
Runway Centreline Markings
30 meters minimum
24
Displaced Threshold Markings
Touchdown Zone Markings
150 meters
150 meters
150 meters
Fixed distance markings 150 meters
150 meters
24
150 meters
Active / Inactive / Closed Runways
X Yellow or white cross used

X
15 15
End of runway unfit for movement of aircraft Runway closed

Chapter 4
Aerodrome Charts

Aerodrome Chart
Aerodrome Name
Aerodrome Reference
Elevation Point
Filing Number
Location Identifier Communication
Effective Date and
ATIS
Runway Designator
Magnetic Variation
RVR Observation Site
Aerodrome Reference Point
Obstruction
Threshold Elevation
Runway Length and Width
Runway Length in
Feet
Scale
Aerodrome Lighting Runway Information
Circling OCH
Stopway Additional Information
Revisions
Taxi Chart
Not to Scale
Apron
Taxiway Letter and Number
Terminal
Ramp Chart
Ramp Elevation
Not to Scale
Stand Co-ordinates
Chart Reference
Take-off Minima
RUNWAY 03L
HRL : High Intensity Runway Lights

CLCD : Centreline Light Coded
150m RVR Category A/B/C
200m RVR Category D
Take-off Minima
RUNWAY 21R
HRL : High Intensity Runway Lights
250m RVR Category A/B/C
300m RVR Category D
Assumed Engine Failure Height
Assumed Engine Failure Height
a di en t
b gr
e clim
in
eng
gle
o f sin
nt r a llel 35 Feet
i e Pa
ad
gr
il m
b
ad i en t
c
im b gr
i ne ne cl
g g i
en le e
n
u l ti Si ng
M Assumed engine failure
height
180 feet
The length of the take-off run available plus
the length of the stopway, if provided.
ASDA Runway 02
1220m + 60m = 2060m

3800ft + 200ft = 4000ft
the length of the stopway, if provided.
ASDA Runway 11
2000m + 0 = 2000m
6562ft + 0 = 6562ft
The length of the runway which is
declared available and suitable for the
ground run of an airplane landing.
LDA Runway 02
1160m
Runway 02 has a displaced threshold of:
1220m – 1160m = 60m

The length of the runway which is
declared available and suitable for the
ground run of an airplane landing.
LDA Runway 11
2000m
The length of the runway declared available
aeroplane taking-off.
TORA Runway 02
1220m
The length of the runway declared available
aeroplane taking-off.
TORA Runway 11
2000m
the length of the clearway, if provided.
TODA Runway 02
1220m (No clearway available)

the length of the clearway, if provided.
TODA Runway 11
2000m (No clearway available)

Chapter 5
Standard Instrument Departure (SID)

Standard Instrument Departure
Transition Altitude Aerodrome
Name of SIDName
and
Filing Number
applicable runways
Special Instructions Effective Date
Graphic
representation of
the SID
MSA circle
Not to scale
Written
representation of Altitude restrictions
the SID
Communication
failure procedure
Revision
Chapter 6
En-Route Procedures

Chart Legend
Chart Legend
Chart Legend
Terminal chart
VOR / DME
Magnetic North
feather
VOR
Chart Legend
Radio frequency
boundary
No mileage break
FIR boundary
Chart Legend
Direct Prohibited
track airspace
Restricted
TMA sector
Lower
area vertical limit
Danger
NDB area Compulsory reporting point
Isogonal
line
MSA
Airport
Magnetic
Distance
track
Information
CTA
route
boundary
TMA
boundary
Chart Legend
Upper airway
UTA boundary
NDB
ATZ
Airway
CTR
Latitude
Advisory/ route
longitude
Non-compulsory reporting point
MSA
Chart Legend
Chapter 7
Standard Terminal Arrival Route
(STAR)

Standard Terminal Arrival Route
Name
Aerodrome
of STARname
and
Transition altitude applicable runway
Filing number
Special instructions Effective date
Holding pattern
Speed restrictions
Graphic
representation of
the STAR
MSA circle
Radar vectors Not to scale
Written
representation of
the STAR
Communication
failure procedure
Revision
Chapter 8
Holding

Holding Pattern
Holding Pattern Buffer Area
1 000 feet
Distance beyond the holding pattern Minimum obstacle clearance

0 -1 NM 984 feet
1 – 2 NM 492 feet
2 – 3 NM 394 feet
3 – 4 NM 295 feet
4 – 5 NM 197 feet
Holding Pattern Buffer Area
Distance beyond the holding pattern Minimum obstacle clearance

0 -1 NM 984 feet
1 – 2 NM 492 feet
2 – 3 NM 394 feet
3 – 4 NM 295 feet
4 – 5 NM 197 feet
Standard Holding Pattern
Right Turns
Non-Standard Holding Pattern
Left Turns
Holding
Types of Holding Pattern
VOR is the fix

Intersecting radials form fix

Radial / DME forms fix

10 DME
Inbound on a radial
20 DME
Outbound on a radial

10 DME
20 DME
Outbound to a DME distance

Timing
1 minute legs
FL140 or below
Timing
1½ minute legs
1 minute legs
Above FL140
FL140 or below
Holding Speeds
Levels Normal conditions Turbulence
conditions
Up to and including 170 kts (Hold for Cat A and B aircraft only) 170 kts (Hold for Cat A and B aircraft only)
FL140 230 kts (Hold for Cat A – D aircraft) 280 kts (Hold for Cat A – D aircraft)
Above FL140 up to 240 kts 280 kts or 0.8 Mach
and including FL200 (Whichever is less)
Above FL200 up to 265 kts 280 kts or 0.8 Mach

and including FL340 (Whichever is less)
Above FL340 0.83 Mach 0.83 Mach

Turn Radius
Rate one or 25° bank angle, whichever requires the lesser bank angle
Holding Pattern Entry Procedures
Offset Entry
(Sector 2) Parallel Entry
(Sector 1)
Direct Entry
(Sector 3)
Entry Procedures (Direct)
Entry Procedures (Offset / Teardrop)
Entry Procedures (Parallel)
Determining the Entry Procedures
We are approaching the PE NDB on a heading of 100°M. It is a non-standard holding
pattern with the inbound leg of the pattern being 264°M.
15
4°
→
s e 264 °
ur
Heading u nd co
100 ° 70° Inbo
☼
110°
→
08 4 °
Teardrop / Offset entry

←
32
4°
Heading
Outbound track of 100º
holding pattern 084º Teardrop / Offset entry
030º
70°
110°
210º
Teardrop / Offset entry
Heading 100°
4 °
08
Landing Intervals
The minimum time required between landing IFR
flights
Expected Approach Time
(EAT) - The time the aircraft must be overhead a
facility ready to commence an approach
Onward Clearance Time
(OCT) - The time the aircraft must leave an en-route
facility
An aircraft will be given an OCT if the delay
is expected to exceed ten minutes
Chapter 9
Instrument Approach Procedures

Phases of an Instrument Approach
The HOLDING phase
The LETDOWN phase
The MISSED APPROACH phase
The HOLDING phase
The LETDOWN phase
Segments of the Instrument Approach
IAF IF FAF MAP
1000'
(Obstacle at or below 5000')
984' (300m)
2000'
(Obstacle above 5000') 492‘ (150m)
Intermediate Final Approach

Arrival Segment Initial Approach Approach Missed Approach Segment
Segment Segment
Segment FAF MAP
IAF IF
Layout of an Instrument Approach Chart
Name and Frequencies
Plan View
Profile View
General Information
Instrument Approach Procedure Charts
Obstacle
Aerodromeclearance height
elevation Aerodrome
Type name
of approach and
Communication and Filing number
navigational aids required
ATIS frequencies Effective date
Virginia Aerodrome
Minimum sector altitude Restricted area

Dangerous area
Area minimum altitude
Facility that MSA Missed approach
is based on Runway
10 Nautical mile Sector tracks for the
reference
Outboundcircle
course holding pattern
Inbound course Holding pattern,
racecourse pattern
Holding
and altitudeturn
procedure
Holding altitude / height

Missed approach
procedure
Threshold elevation
Variation
Transition altitude Advisory altitude / height
Additional
Speed / timeinformation
table for Missed approach point
Timing
approach
Rate for missed
pattern
of descent table
approach Scale
Calculating Minima for NPA’s
OCH System Minima

679' 300'
Therefore MDH 679'

Minimum descent height 679
Threshold elevation
33
Sea level
Therefore MDH 679' MDA 712'

Approximately 430m ALS

SALS – Shortened Approach Lighting System
Gr – Green Threshold Lights
RL – Runway Lights
430m approach lights (SALS)

Runway Lights (RL)
Green Threshold Lights (Gr THR)
MDH – 679'
Therefore RVR 1 500m for a Category A aircraft
Flying the IAP (NDB)
Intercept the 140 QDM DU for the L06 approach at FADN
MSA
5100'
Initial Approach Altitude

5100'
Hold
Direct Entry (Sector III)
Shuttle
Descend from 5000' to 3000'
Shuttle
Racecourse
Start turn within 5 NM
Descent to 2000'
Wind Effect
Adjust heading and time to compensate
Landing
Missed Approach
Missed Approach Point based on time
Procedure Turn Approach

Category A + B – 1 minute
Category C + D - 1¼ minutes
Not within limits

Various Different NDB Approaches
LA /LA
LL
2 NDB approach
Initial Approach
therefore LA
Fix and
(IAF)LL must
be servicable
Final Approach Fix (FAF)
LL
Missed Approach Point (MAP)
WB WB
/ WR
NDB approach
Initialtherefore
Approach only
Fix WB
(IAF)
must be
serviceable
WR
PW
Initial Approach Fix (IAF)
DU
Initial Approach Fix (IAF)
THR
Missed Approach Point based on timing
Type of approach and
navigational aids
required
Radial information
Speed / time table for

approach pattern Advisory altitudes /
heights
Flying the IAP (VOR)
Intercept the 140 RADIAL inbound CTV for the VOR / DME 19 approach at FACT
MSA
7300'
Initial Approach Altitude (IAA)

7300'
Hold
Parallel Entry (Sector I)
Shuttle
Racecourse
Start turn at 12 DME CTV
Descend to 3000'
Wind Effect
Landing
Missed Approach
Missed Approach Point based on DME

Not within limits

Various Different VOR Approaches
VOR /LIV
DME
VOR and
Initial
DMEApproach
must be serviceable
Fix (IAF)
VOR /CTV
DME
VOR and
Initial
DMEApproach
must be serviceable
Fix (IAF)
CTV 2 DME
VOR
LIV
Only
Initial
LIVApproach
VOR required
Fix (IAF)
Type of approach and
navigational aids
required
Initial Approach Fix

ILS D
Final Approach
Outbound Pointof
distance
approach
Glide slope / pattern
altitude Angle of Descent
crosscheck
Speed / time table for

approach pattern
Calculating Minima for PA’s
OCH System Minima

300' 200'
Therefore DH 300'
Decision height 300
Threshold elevation 33
Sea level
Therefore DH 300' DA 333'

Approximately 430m ALS

SALS – Shortened Approach Lighting System
Gr – Green Threshold Lights
RL – Runway Lights
430m approach lights (SALS)

Runway Lights (RL)
Green Threshold Lights (Gr THR)
DH – 300'
Therefore RVR 800m
Flying the IAP (ILS)
Intercept the 140 RADIAL inbound DNV for the VOR / DME / ILS 06
MSA
2000'
Initial Approach Altitude (IAA)

5000'
Hold
Parallel Entry (Sector I)
Shuttle
Racecourse
Start turn at 8 DME DNV
Descend to 2000'
Wind Effect
Landing
Missed Approach
Missed Approach on reaching DA(H)

Not within limits

Various Different ILS Approaches
VOR / DME / ILS

DNV is the Initial Approach Fix (IAF)
Various Different ILS Approaches
NDB / DME / ILS

CB is the Initial Approach Fix (IAF)
Visual Descent Point
Missed Approach Segments
The INITIAL missed approach phase
Positive Climb
The INTERMEDIATE missed approach phase
164'
The FINAL missed approach phase
164‘
164‘ Obstacle clearance or greater
Circling Approaches
Calculating Circling Minima
OCH System Minima

492' (East) 400'
Therefore MDH 492'

Minimum descent height 492
AERODROME 5558
elevation
Sea level
Therefore MDH 492' MDA 6050'

Circling Manoeuvring Area
Category of Aircraft/IAS (kts) A/100 B/135 C/180 D/205 E/240
TAS at 2 000 ft 131 168 215 242 279
MSL + 25 kts wind factor (kts)
Radius (r) of turn (nms) 0.69 1.13 1.85 2.34 3.12
Straight segment (nms) 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70

(This is a constant value)
Radius (R) from threshold (nms) 1.68 2.66 4.20 5.28 6.94
Circling Manoeuvring Area
Missed Approach from Circling
Chapter 10
Diversions

Diversions
Diversions
Diversions
Diversions
Air Traffic Control
Slot Times
00:00 – 00:10 minutes….. Sector "A"

00:15 – 00:25 minutes….. Sector "B"
00:30 – 00:40 minutes….. Sector "C"
00:45 – 00:55 minutes ..…Sector "D"
14B slot…14:15Z – 14:25Z

Air Traffic Control
Flight Information Regions
Air Traffic Control
A IFR only All All flights are separated from each other
B IFR/VFR All All flights are separated from each other
IFR flights are separated from IFR and VFR

C IFR/VFR All VFR are separated from IFR
VFR receives traffic information i.r.o. other VFR
IFR flights are separated from IFR

D IFR/VFR All IFR receives traffic information about VFR
VFR receives traffic information about all others
IFR IFR flights are separated from IFR

E IFR/VFR
only All flights receives traffic information
IFR/VFR IFR flights receives traffic advisory service

F None
All traffic receives traffic information if requested
G IFR/VFR None All traffic receives traffic information if requested

Air Traffic Control

Flight Operations and Procedures Guide

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Flight Operations and Procedures

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Take-off run available Stopway

Accelerate-stop distance available

Landing distance available

MDA(H) Minimum Descent Altitude (Height)

DA(H) Decision Altitude (Height)

Take-off run available Clearway

Take-off distance available

Take-off run available Clearway

Take-off run available

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Instrument Approach Missed Approach

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

ALSF-1 Approach Light System with sequenced Flashing lights in

MALS Medium Intensity Approach Light System

SALS Short Approach Light System

SSALS Simplified Short Approach Light System

PALS Precision Approach Light System

•Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

Accurate within 10º and 4 NM – Not accurate below 200 feet

Wing bar moved ± 120 meters upwind for wide-body jets

Fixed distance markings 150 meters

X Yellow or white cross used

End of runway unfit for movement of aircraft Runway closed

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Aerodrome Lighting Runway Information

HRL : High Intensity Runway Lights

1220m + 60m = 2060m

Runway 02 has a displaced threshold of:

1220m – 1160m = 60m

1220m (No clearway available)

2000m (No clearway available)

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Non-compulsory reporting point

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Distance beyond the holding pattern Minimum obstacle clearance

Distance beyond the holding pattern Minimum obstacle clearance

VOR is the fix

Intersecting radials form fix

Radial / DME forms fix

Radial / DME forms fix

Radial / DME forms fix

Outbound to a DME distance

Above FL200 up to 265 kts 280 kts or 0.8 Mach

Above FL340 0.83 Mach 0.83 Mach

Teardrop / Offset entry

Teardrop / Offset entry

Craig Pearce – 083 271 9900

Intermediate Final Approach

Minimum sector altitude Restricted area

Holding altitude / height

OCH System Minima

Therefore MDH 679'

Minimum descent height 679

Therefore MDH 679' MDA 712'

Approximately 430m ALS

430m approach lights (SALS)

Initial Approach Altitude

Procedure Turn Approach