Batteries used in electric vehicles

Lithium-ion batteries, were initially developed and commercialized for use in laptops and consumer
electronics. With their high energy density and long cycle life they have become the leading battery type
for use in EVs. Lithium ion batteries have higher energy density, longer life span and higher power
density than most other practical batteries. Complicating factors include safety, durability, thermal
breakdown, its environmental impact and cost . Li-ion batteries should be used within safe temperature
and voltage ranges in order to operate safely and efficiently.
Earlier electric vehicle technologies used nickel hydride batteries. The nickel hydride batteries lasted less
compared to the lithium-ion ones. The main downgrades that resulted in drastic reduce in usage of the
nickel-hydride batteries were poor efficiency, high self-discharge, very finicky charge cycles, and poor
performance in cold weather.
 Types of Electric Vehicles

 Battery Electric Vehicle

 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle
 Battery Electric Vehicle

All-electric vehicles, also referred to as battery

electric vehicles (BEVs), have an electric motor
instead of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle
uses a large traction battery pack to power the
electric motor and must be plugged in to a wall outlet
or charging equipment, also called electric vehicle
supply equipment (EVSE). Because it runs on
electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a
tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel
components, such as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel
tank.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use

batteries to power an electric motor and another
fuel, such as gasoline, to power an internal
combustion engine (ICE). PHEV batteries can be
charged using a wall outlet or charging
equipment, by the ICE, or through regenerative
braking. The vehicle typically runs on electric
power until the battery is nearly depleted, and
then the car automatically switches over to use
the ICE.
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an

internal combustion engine and one or more
electric motors, which uses energy stored in
batteries. A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be
plugged in to charge the battery. Instead, the
battery is charged through regenerative braking
and by the internal combustion engine. The extra
power provided by the electric motor can
potentially allow for a smaller engine. The
battery can also power auxiliary loads and reduce
engine idling when stopped. Together, these
features result in better fuel economy without
sacrificing performance.
 BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

 Lower running costs

 Low maintenance cost

 Zero Tailpipe Emissions

 Tax and financial benefits

 No noise pollution

 Petrol and diesel use is destroying our planet

 Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet

 Convenience of charging at home

 Lower running costs
The running cost of an electric vehicle is much lower than an equivalent petrol or diesel
vehicle. Electric vehicles use electricity to charge their batteries instead of using fossil
fuels like petrol or diesel. Electric vehicles are more efficient, and that combined with
the electricity cost means that charging an electric vehicle is cheaper than filling petrol
or diesel for your travel requirements. Using renewable energy sources can make the
use of electric vehicles more eco-friendly. The electricity cost can be reduced further if
charging is done with the help of renewable energy sources installed at home, such as
solar panels.

 Low maintenance cost

Electric vehicles have very low maintenance costs because they don’t have as many
moving parts as an internal combustion vehicle. The servicing requirements for electric
vehicles are lesser than the conventional petrol or diesel vehicles. Therefore, the yearly
cost of running an electric vehicle is significantly low.
 Zero Tailpipe Emissions
Driving an electric vehicle can help you reduce your carbon footprint because there will be
zero tailpipe emissions. You can reduce the environmental impact of charging your vehicle
further by choosing renewable energy options for home electricity.

 Tax and financial benefits

Registration fees and road tax on purchasing electric vehicles are lesser than petrol or diesel
vehicles. There are multiple policies and incentives offered by the government depending on
which state you are in.

 No noise pollution

Electric vehicles have the silent functioning capability as there is no engine under the hood.
No engine means no noise. The electric motor functions so silently that you need to peek
into your instrument panel to check if it is ON. Electric vehicles are so silent that
manufacturers have to add false sounds in order to make them safe for pedestrians.
 Petrol and diesel use is destroying our planet
The availability of fossil fuels is limited, and their use is destroying our planet. Toxic
emissions from petrol and diesel vehicles lead to long-term, adverse effects on public
health. The emissions impact of electric vehicles is much lower than petrol or diesel
vehicles. From an efficiency perspective, electric vehicles can covert around 60% of the
electrical energy from the grid to power the wheels, but petrol or diesel cars can only
convert 17%-21% of the energy stored in the fuel to the wheels. That is a waste of around
80%. Fully electric vehicles have zero tailpipe emissions, but even when electricity
production is taken into account, petrol or diesel vehicles emit almost 3 times more carbon
dioxide than the average EV. To reduce the impact of charging electric vehicles, India is
ambitious to achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from
non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by the year 2030. Therefore, electric vehicles are the
way forward for Indian transport, and we must switch to them now.
 Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet
Electric vehicles don’t have gears and are very convenient to drive. There are no
complicated controls, just accelerate, brake, and steer. When you want to charge your
vehicle, just plug it in to a home or public charger. Electric vehicles are also quiet, so they
reduce noise pollution that traditional vehicles contribute to.

 Convenience of charging at home

Imagine being at a busy fuel station during peak hours, and you are getting late to reach
your workplace. These problems can easily be overcome with an electric vehicle. Simply
plug your vehicle in at your home charger for 4-5 hours before you plan to go. If you are
able to get a charger where you park at home, it is very convenient to plan your journeys in
advance. What if you forget to plug in your machine someday? Then you can easily take the
help of fast chargers or even battery swapping services if you are on a two-wheeler on the
road.
 Factors That Affect EV Adoption

 Consumer Factors

 Manufacturing Factors

 External factors
 Consumer Factors
Factors that are related to consumers and how they drive the EV industry toward widespread
adoption.
I. Consumer Awareness and Education:
 Unless consumers follow or are very interested in EVs, they lack information and
some may have misconceptions.
 Expect EVs to have a good range and ability to travel farther on a single charge
II. Charging Speed and Charging Infrastructure:
 abundant supply of fast-charging stations along major highways and near
multifamily housing locations are crucial
 Time to charge - for full-scale adoption, either public perception of charge speed
or actual time to charge need to change.

III. Cost Competitiveness with ICE (Internal combustion engine) Vehicles:

 According to recent study, 67% of purchasers consider Cost as primary concern
 With lower operating costs (no usage of gas, less maintenance) and higher
production costs, EVs are preferred only if it’s in consumer’s price range
 Manufacturing Factors
Factors that come when EV industries develop and produce EV vehicles are
I. Government Incentives:
•Many governments at the state and country level offer consumer incentives for EVs,
from rebates to tax credits by pushing a for full-scale EV adoption.
•Stronger incentives could provide a positive impact on EVs.
II. Government Bans/Regulations:
 Planned bans of ICE vehicles in countries like UK, Germany, France and more
because of CAFE (Corporate average fuel economy) requirement
 Automakers maximise profit with SUVs (Sport Utility Vehicle) while waiting for EV
demand to increase and battery costs to decline.

III. Automaker Leadership and Commitment

 While many of the automakers talk about their grand plans for “electrification,” only a
few such as Volkswagen, Volvo and Mercedes-Benz seem to be truly committed to EVs
in the future
 Many companies still see regular hybrids and PHEVs (Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle)
as unsuitable one

IV. Environmental Factors:

Considering the ambitious clean-energy goals the world wants to set, EV adoption
seems like an inevitable fact.
V. Growth in Green Energy:
 EV adopted areas – cleaner energy areas
 Expectation is that EVs will be net-positive for the environment
 society continues to switch to renewable sources of energy (Fossil fuels to Solar,
Wind, Hydropower and Geothermal energy)
External factors:
Factors which are independent of EVs production and sale
I. Gas Prices:
 With increase in gas price, consumers switch to alternate sources like BEVs (Battery
Electric Vehicles) and PHEVs
 Cost of electricity may fall when cost of clean energy like Solar and Wind power
continues to decline
II. Economic Conditions
:
 The 2007-2008 financial crisis in the US - impact on auto sales with a downturn in
2010 of roughly 36 percent from the volume of sales in 2007.
 A future economic downturn in the US or other regions of the world could potentially
impact sales of electric vehicles versus ICE vehicles either positively or negatively
based on several adjacent factors.
III. Battery Supply:
 Demand for EVs increases - supply of battery packs could not keep up with demand
 Battery production rises with increased supplier competition, and the price of battery
packs can also decline
 How EVs will shape the future

 Eco-friendly

 Convenient charging

 Easy driving and Reduce driving fatigue/stress

 Tax benefits
 Eco-friendly
 Electric vehicles help to reduce air pollution as there is no CO2 emission, save our
environment from smog and climate change. 
 Great initiative toward reducing the ecological damage and boosting public health

 Convenient charging
 Electric vehicles rely on electricity to charge their batteries instead of using fossil
fuels like petrol or diesel.
 Easier for the users to charge the batteries at a nearby charging station
 Easy driving and Reduce driving fatigue/stress
 Do not have gears - no complicated controls
 Can experience calm, convenient, and safe ride
 Noise-free ride
 Noise pollution (leads to anxiety, depression, high blood pressure, heart diseases,
stroke) can be reduced
 Tax benefits
 Avail yourself of the 40 per cent depreciation in the first year to save on income tax
based on which state you are in.
 EV policy - additional benefits of up to Rs 1.5 lakh.