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FRICTION
• When a body moves or tends to move over another body a force is developed at the contact
surface which prevents the movement of the body. This opposing force developed between
two bodies is called as friction.
• Friction force is developed at the contact surface because of presence of surface irregularities.
The irregularities gets interlocked and this prevents relative motion between the two bodies.
• If force is high enough the irregularities are sheared off from the parts which causes wear. So
friction is also responsible for wear.

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Where friction is useful:

Walking Drum Brake

Belt Drive Friction Welding

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Role of friction in rolling operation

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Where friction is undesirable:

Rotating Shaft inside

bearing

Gear box

Motorcycle Engine

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• Frictional force is developed only in the presence of an external force causing a tendency for
relative motion.
• The frictional force developed at the contact surface is equal in magnitude and opposite to
direction of force applied and the body remains in equilibrium and at rest.
• As the magnitude of applied force increases the frictional force also increases, but there is
limit beyond which the frictional force cannot increase.
• If the magnitude of applied force exceeds this limit, there will be relative movement of one
body over the other.
• This limiting value of frictional force when the motion is impending (about to happen) is called
as limiting friction.

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• If the magnitude of applied force is less than the limiting friction the body remains at rest and
the frictional force is called as static friction.

• If the magnitude of the external applied force is more than the limiting friction there will be
relative motion between the two bodies and the frictional resistance experienced by the body
while in motion is called as dynamic friction (also referred to as kinetic friction).

Sliding friction
Experienced by body when
it slides over other body

Dynamic friction

Rolling friction
Experienced by body when
it rolls over surface

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Laws of friction

These laws are also know as Coulomb’s laws of dry friction or laws of dry friction or laws of solid
friction.
1. Magnitude of Frictional force (limiting friction) F is directly proportional to the normal
force N between two bodies in contact.
2. Magnitude of Frictional force (limiting friction) is independent of the area of contact
between the surfaces.
3. The force of friction always acts in direction opposite to that in which body tends to move.
4. Till the limiting value is reached, the magnitude of friction is exactly equal to the force
which tends to move the body.
5. Magnitude of frictional force (kinetic or dynamic friction) is independent of sliding velocity.

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Coefficient of Friction
• According to Couloumb’s law of friction’ the magnitude of frictional force (limiting friction) is
given by,
F
Where ‘µ’ is the coefficient of static friction (0 < μ < 1) and is the normal reaction between the
contact surface.
• Coefficient of static friction depends on the two surfaces in contact.
• Coefficient of friction for common systems.

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Angle of friction
• Consider a block of mass ‘M’ resting on horizontal
floor and subjected to horizontal force ‘P’.

• Let F’ be the frictional force developed and ‘N’ be

the normal reaction.
P W
• The forces ‘F’ and ‘N’ are represented by their
resultant ‘R’, measured from direction of ‘N’. This
angle denoted by ‘Ɵ’ is called as angle of friction.

tan(Ɵ) =
F Ɵ R
N

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Angle of friction
• As the magnitude of P increases, the magnitude of
frictional force also increases and attains maximum
value when it reaches the limiting friction.
• As the magnitude of frictional force increases the P W
value of ‘Ɵ’ also increases and attains maximum
value at limiting friction. The maximum value of ‘Ɵ’
is called angle of limiting friction and denoted by
‘α’.

F
tan(α) = = μ
α R
N

F
Angle of limiting friction: the angle between the resultant reaction ‘R’ and the normal ‘N’ to
the plane on which the motion of body is impending

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Cone of friction
• When the body is having impending (about to happen) motion in the direction of applied force
the friction is limiting friction and the angle between resultant and normal reaction is limiting
angle of friction.
• When the direction of applied force ‘P’ is rotated through the resultant generates right
circular cone with semi – central angle equal to ‘α’.

P W
F
a. If resultant ‘R’ is on the
surface of the cone the
motion is impending.
α R
N b. If the resultant is inside the
cone the body will be
stationary.

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Angle of Repose
• The maximum inclination of the plane on which a body, free from external forces can repose
(sleep) is called as angle of repose.

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• Consider a block of mass ‘m’ resting on inclined plane as shown in figure.

• Consider the equilibrium of the block in
direction parallel and perpendicular to plane.

∑ Forces normal to plane = N – W Cosϴ = 0 ϴ

W = mg
∑ Forces parallel to plane = W Sinϴ - F = 0 N
F
Solving the above two equations we get,
ϴ

tanϴ ------------ 1

If Ф is the value of angle of inclination at which the block is having impending motion, the frictional force at this
instant is limiting friction.

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Substituting Ф in equation 1, we have

Tan Ф = ……………….. 2
Since the friction is limiting friction substitute F = μ N in equation 2,

We have, tan Ф = μ = tan α

Where α is the angle of limiting friction.

Ф=α
Thus the value of angle of repose is equal to limiting angle of friction.
Therefore
1. Ф = α, the block is about to slide down.
2. Ф < α, the block cannot slide down
3. Ф > α, the block slides down

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Example: A block of 50 kg is resting on a ramp inclined at as shown. It is tied to another block of
mass m . Find the range of mass m that would keep this block of kg static on ramp. Given μ =
0.4.

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Example: Block A weighing 1000 N rests over block B which weighs 2000 N as shown in figure.
Block A is tied with a horizontal string. If the coefficient of friction between block A and B is 0.25
and between B and floor is 1/3, what should be the value of P to move block B, if
1. P is horizontal
2. P acts at to horizontal

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Example: A pull of 180 N applied upwards at to a rough horizontal plane was required to just
move a body resting on the plane while a push of 220N applied along same line of action was
required to just move the same body. Determine the weight of the body and coefficient of
friction.

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