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THE CHALLENGE OF
FEEDING THE WORLD
Outline
• What is food security
• Food Security, Human Security
• Global Food Security – Trends
• Rising Food Prices and Poverty
• Population Growth and Urbanization
• Rising Incomes and Changing Diets
• Biofuel Production, Land Use Change and Access to Land
• Climate Change
• Emerging Responses to Calls for Global Food Security
Early 21st Century
• Food Production enough to feed 7 Billion
• 870 million suffer from hunger
Global Crop Production
(in trillions of Calories)
“Food security is the availability Four key pillars of “Food security exists when all
at all times of adequate food people, at all times, have
supplies of basic foodstuffs to Food Security
physical, social and economic
sustain a steady expansion of access to sufficient, safe and
food consumption offset
fluctuations in productions and nutritious food that meets their
Availability
Utilization
Stability
Access
prices.” dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and
healthy life.”
– FAO (1974) – FAO (2002)
3 paradigm shifts
1.Decline in entitlement cause lack of access to food - Amartya Sen (1981)
2.Livelihood security as key household priority and component
3.Access to food that is preferred
Latin Amer-
ica and the Oceania
Oceania Carribbean Western AsiaNorthern Africa 0%
Western Asia Northern Africa
1% 1%
0% Number (Millions)
4% 2% 1%Regional Share (%)
Caucasus and Central
Asia
Caucasus and
Regions Central Asia 1992-94 2014-16
South-
1992-94 2014-16 1%
1% Developed Countries
Developed Countries Developed Regions 20 Eastern15 2 2%
2% Asia
Southern Asia 291 8%281 28.8 35.4 Southern
Latin America and Southern Asia
the Caribbean 7% Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa 29%
176 220 17.4 27.7 36%
Eastern Asia 295
Eastern Asia 145 29.2 18.3
Southern- 18%
South-Eastern
Eastern Asia
Asia 138 61 13.6 7.6
Latin America
14% 1990–92
and the Carribbean 66 34 6.5 4.3
Western Asia 8 19 0.82014–16 2.4
Eastern Northern
Asia Africa Sub-Saharan
6 4 0.6 0.5
29%Caucasus and Central Asia Africa 10
Sub-Saharan Africa 6 0.9 0.7
17%
Oceania 1 28% 1 0.1 0.2
1011 795* 100 100
The changing distribution of hunger in Notes: The areas of the pie charts are proportional to the total
the world: numbers and shares of number of undernourished in each period. Data for 2014–16 refer
to provisional estimates. All figures are rounded
undernourished people by region,
1990–92 and 2014–16 *Includes data for Sudan, which are not included in the figure for sub-Saharan Africa,
following the partition of the country when South Sudan became an independent state
in 2011
Food Security and Human Security
Link between poverty,
food security, and
Human Security human security:
•Safety from hunger, disease, repression
Food insecurity Food price spikes
•Denies basic functions of life
•Main cause – poverty
World population below
$1.90 per day (in %)
Rural-urban migration:
Population in Asia expected to swell
Expansion of cities and slums- slum
another billion plus in four decades
dwellers to double in 2030
World’s per
capita meat
and milk
consumption
is growing
These foods
are more
People are eating more resource-
protein than they need – intensive to
produce than
especially in wealthy regions
plant-based
diets.