Incorporating Research

into Your Paper

Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing
ENG2205
There are four ways to incorporate
research into your essay:
Quotation, paraphrase, summary, synthesis

1) Quotation: The exact words of a source put within

quotation marks.

▶
Example: Bellamy (2012) said, “Global warming is a
clear and present danger and certainly not a fanciful
theory” (p. 31).
Quotations

Quotes are best used under these conditions:

▶ The quote uses distinguished syntax (it is said so
well that a paraphrase would diminish its power).
▶ The quote is strongly worded in favor of your side
of the issue (direct evidence).
▶ The quote is from an authoritative source (builds
ethos).
Quotations
▶ Donot use direct quotes for information that could be
easily paraphrased (facts, statistics, and background
information).
▶ Usedirect quotation sparingly, and incorporate the
other three methods: paraphrase, summary, and
synthesis.
▶ Principle:Do not indiscriminately use quotes in
your research paper. Strive for no more than 10%
directly quoted material. Papers that are more than
15% direct quotes will receive a reduced grade.
How to Properly Incorporate DQs
▶ Always set up quotes in your paper with at least a
phrase (dialogue tag, signal phrase, etc.).
▶ Example: According to John Smith, “Gun control
laws are a violation of our civil right to bear
arms.”5
▶ Do not allow quotes to stand alone (float).
▶ Example: Smith (2016) is a leading gun advocate.
“Gun control laws are a violation of our civil right
to bear arms” ( p. 22).
▶ ALWAYS give credit to the original source
(documentation/citation) to avoid plagiarism.
Quotations
▶ When the quote is incorporated as a grammatical part
of the sentence, do not capitalize the first word or
use punctuation to introduce the quote:
▶ Example: John Smith, a leading gun advocate,
believes that “gun control laws are a violation of
our civil right to bear arms.”5
▶ Follow the quote with your own discussion so
readers understand its significance in your
argument.
▶Do not end paragraphs with direct quotes.
Paraphrase

2) Paraphrase: Communicating a source’s ideas in your

own words and syntax in about the same number of
sentences as in the original.
▶

Example: Bellamy (2012) expressed that global

warming is a real and threatening issue (p. 31).

▶
Paraphrasing makes your authorial voice foremost.
Summary
3) Summary:  Communicating a source’s ideas in your
own words and syntax in many fewer sentences than in
the original source.

▶
Example: Bellamy (2012) cited many studies that
confirm that the Earth’s atmospheric temperature
is, indeed, growing steadily warmer (pp. 32-33).

▶
Use summary to make a point; don’t write an
abstract.
Synthesis
4) Synthesis: Using two or more sources to make a
point, revealing similarities and differences across
multiple sources.*

Essentially, this is your argument. Find credible

sources; incorporate the valuable direct evidence
through direct quotation, paraphrase, and summary;
and discuss it in terms of your argument.

*(Definition adapted from Dynamic Argument, 2nd edition by Lamm and Everett.)
Basic Info—APA
▶ The American Psychological Association (APA)
citation style is generally applied in the social
sciences.
▶ Citations indicate to your audience where borrowed
material (quoted, paraphrased, or summarized)
begins, ends, and where it originated.
▶ The abbreviated citation information corresponds to
full citation entries on the References page, allowing
readers to locate the source(s) on their own.
Basic Info—APA

▶ The beginning of a citation must include the author’s

last name and date of publication (in parentheses).
Page numbers (for directly quoted material) are
placed in parentheses at the end of the borrowed
material.  
▶ Example: One expert believes that cloning will one
day be as common as heart transplants (Hanson,
2009, p. 33).
Basic Info—CMOS
▶ The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) citation style in
a variety of other disciplines and for a wide variety of
publications. It is the other style UNW classes use.
▶ Citations indicate to your audience where borrowed
material (quoted, paraphrased, or summarized)
begins, ends, and where it originated.
▶ The abbreviated citation information corresponds to
full citation entries in the Bibliography, allowing
readers to locate the source(s) on their own.
Basic Info—CMOS

▶ Citations appear in short-form footnotes that include

the author’s last name, shortened title, and page
number.  
▶ Example: One expert believes that cloning will one
day be as common as heart transplants.2
▶ 2Hanson, “Cloning Human Organs,” 33.
Incorporating and Citing Research

▶ Principle: No matter what citation style you use, you

must always clearly signal where your borrowing
begins and ends. Be sure to do so correctly.
▶ Principle: That means using the author’s last name
(CMOS) or last name/year (APA) at the beginning of
the borrowed material or after it in the
footnote/parenthetical citation.
Incorporating and Citing

▶ There are three ways to accomplish this:

▶ 1) Use the author’s last name to frame the
borrowing.
▶ 2) Use a general reference to the source.
▶ 3) Use the source title.
Incorporating and Citing
▶ 1) Use the author’s last name to frame the borrowing:
▶ Example: Video games for children have many
advantages for children.  According to Norfleet (2003),
these games improve hand and eye coordination and
exercise children’s minds as they work their way
through various puzzles and barriers. When played with
others, they teach children about the value of
competition and cooperation and need not always be
considered a negative influence. He reported, “The
mental gymnastics of video games and the competition
with fellow players are important to young children and
their physical, social, and mental development” (p.
62).
Incorporating and Citing
▶ Note: In the previous example, Norfleet’s name is
NOT used in the parenthetical citation next to the
page number at the end of the quote because his
name was used to frame the beginning of the
borrowing.

▶ Principle: APA requires that the author’s last name

not be repeated if it is used to set up the borrowed
information. In CMOS, repeat the author’s last name
in every footnote, not just the first one.
Incorporating and Citing
▶ Incorrect example: Norfleet (2003) stated, “The
mental gymnastics of video games and the
competition with fellow players are important to
young children and their physical, social, and mental
development” (Norfleet 45).
▶ Incorrect example: Norfleet states, “The mental
gymnastics of video games and the competition with
fellow players are important to young children and
their physical, social, and mental development.” 4
▶ 4
“Video Game Advantages,” 45.
Incorporating and Citing, cont.
▶ 2. Use a general reference to the source:
▶ Example One: Video games for children have many
advantages for children…. The source stated, “The
mental gymnastics of video games and the
competition with fellow players are important to
young children and their physical, social, and mental
development” (Norfleet, 2003, p. 45).
▶ Principle: Because the author’s name was NOT used to
signal the start of the borrowing, it MUST be used in
the parenthetical citation. (The exception is authorless
sources.)
Incorporating and Citing Research
▶ 3) Use the source title:
▶ Example Two: Video games for children have many
advantages for children.  According to the article
“Video Games: The Advantages to your Children,” such
games improve hand and eye coordination and exercise
children’s minds as they work their way through various
puzzles and barriers…. The article reported, “The
mental gymnastics of video games and the competition
with fellow players are important to young children and
their physical, social, and mental development”
(Norfleet, 2003, p. 45).
Incorporating and Citing Research
▶ Principle for APA Users: For APA, remember to include
the publication year and keep the author’s name and
year together; do not separate them.
▶ Example: Video games for children have many
advantages for children.  According to Norfleet (2003)
…. Norfleet said, “The mental gymnastics of video
games and the competition with fellow players are
important to young children and their physical, social,
and mental development” (p. 45).
How to Represent Authorless Sources

▶ Forsources that have no author listed, you must

shorten the source title to one or two key words
(APA) or one to four key words (CMOS).  
▶ Thiskey word(s) should be distinctive and not appear
in other titles on your References/Bibliography page.
There are two ways to present such source material:
▶1) Use a general reference to the source.
▶2) Use the source title.
How to Represent Authorless Sources
▶ 1.
Use a general framing phrase and insert the key
word into the parenthetical citation:
▶Example: Video games for children have many
advantages for children. According to one source,
“The mental gymnastics of video games and the
competition with fellow players are important to
young children and their physical, social, and
mental development” (“Advantages,” 2003, p. 45).
How to Represent Authorless Sources,
cont.
▶ 2. Use the title of the source to set up the borrowing:
▶ Example: Video games for children have many
advantages for children.  According to the article
“Video Games: The Advantages to your Children”
(2003), such games improve hand and eye coordination
and exercise children’s minds as they work their way
through various puzzles and barriers…. “The mental
gymnastics of video games and the competition with
fellow players are important to young children and
their physical, social, and mental development” (p.
45).
Authorless Sources

▶ NOTE:  Because there is no name in the parenthetical

citation, the reader assumes that the article title
given to frame the borrowing is an authorless article.
▶ Principle: Thus, it is crucial to include an author’s
name (either in the text or in the parenthetical
citation) if an author is present to avoid
misrepresenting your sources.
Punctuating Sources

▶ Whether or not an author is present, place article and web

page titles in quotation marks. Titles and key words for
books or reports, however, should be italicized.
▶ Example: According to the article, “Video Games: The
Advantages to Your Children”…
▶ Example: In the book Making Your Kids Mind Without
Losing Yours…
Moving into APA and CMOS Specifics…
▶ APA
▶ Use of Author’s Name—
When you cite a source for
the first time in the actual
text, use only the author’s
last name. Always include
the year of publication in
parentheses after the
author’s name the first time
you reference the author in
each paragraph.
▶ Ex:
Steward (2016) said…
▶ CMOS
▶ Use of Author’s Name—
When you cite a source for
the first time in the actual
text (not parenthetical
citation), use the author’s
full name.  Afterwards, use
only the author’s last name
unless you have more than
one author with the same
last name.
▶ Ex:Marjorie Steward
reports…. Steward
continues…
Moving into APA and CMOS Specifics…
▶ APA
▶ Publication Date and Page
Number—If the year of
publication is not within
your sentence incorporating
the quotation, it should be
in the parenthetical
reference afterwards with
the page number (“p.” is
singular; “pp.” is plural).
▶ Ex.: (Steward, 2016, p.
14).
Moving into APA and CMOS Specifics…

▶ APA
▶ Tense—Use past tense
(“Johnson interviewed”) or
present perfect (“Johnson
has demonstrated”) for
discussing the source, and
use the present tense when
you are discussing the
results. (i.e., “This article
proves that…”)
▶ CMOS
▶ Tense—Use present tense
when you write about what
the author is writing in his or
her text: “Johnson writes”
or “Johnson asserts.”
Moving into APA and CMOS Specifics…
▶ APA
▶ Incorporating a partial
quote—Persellion (2000), a
professor of music education
at Trinity University in
Texas, has asserted that
when students learn music,
they are given “meaningful
opportunities to gain
meaningful insights into
themselves, as well as
meaningful understanding of
music as an expressive art”
(p. 71).
▶ CMOS
▶ Incorporating a partial
quote—Persellion, a
professor of music education
at Trinity University in
Texas, asserts that when
students learn music, they
are given “meaningful
opportunities to gain
meaningful insights into
themselves, as well as
meaningful understanding of
music as an expressive art.”7
Moving into APA and CMOS Specifics…
▶ APA
▶ Introducing a quote—Hickley
(1998) has argued that “teachers
and programs are evaluated by
administrators who have little or
no knowledge of arts subject
matter” (p. 31)—an argument that
has been used many times in
defense of art education.   of art education.
▶ An area of concern is the
administrators’ own education in
music and art: “Teachers and
programs are evaluated by
administrators who have little or
no knowledge of arts subject
matter” (Hickley, 1998, p. 31).
▶ CMOS
▶ Introducing a quote—Hickley
argues that “teachers and
programs are evaluated by
administrators who have little or
no knowledge of arts subject
matter”13—an argument that has
been used many times in defense
 
▶ An area of concern is the
administrators’ own education in
music and art: “teachers and
programs are evaluated by
administrators who have little or
no knowledge of arts subject
matter.”14
Moving into APA and CMOS Specifics…
▶ CMOS
▶ APA
▶ Inserting your own words into a
▶ Inserting your own words into a
quote—“Music’s usefulness,”
quote—“Music’s usefulness,”
Haroldson writes, “is posited far
Haroldson (1999) wrote, “is posited
more on how it feels than what it
far more on how it feels than what
is.”16 
it is” (p. 67).  
▶ Using striking quoted phrases—
▶ Using striking quoted phrases—
Rabkin states that there are “ever
Rabkin (2011) has stated that there
more ambitious programs” in public
are “ever more ambitious
schools but that the schools can “no
programs” in public schools but
longer assure” native English-
that the schools can “no longer
speakers will gain the basics.17
assure” native English-speakers
________________________
will gain the basics (as cited in
Harmer, 2014, p. 7). Rabkin, “Arts Education,” quoted in
17

Harmer, “Art Therapy,” 7.

Moving into APA and CMOS Specifics…

▶ APA ▶ CMOS
▶ Block Quotations—Use a colon to ▶ Block Quotations—Use a colon to
introduce a block quotation of 40 introduce a block quotation of
words or more, unless context calls about four lines or more.  
for another punctuation mark or ▶ Indent 10 spaces (two tabs usually)
none at all.  
▶ Double-space, no quotation marks
▶ Indent 5-7 spaces (keep consistent
throughout the paper) ▶ Period before footnote number
▶ Double-space, no quotation marks
▶ Period before parenthetical
citation
Block Quotes
▶ APA
Example: In his book, Choosing Equality, Viteritti (1999) argued:
The present situation in education is intolerable.  We are also aware of the
measures that policymakers have taken to alter the pattern of educational
inequality thus far; and it is clear these approaches have proven
unsatisfactory.  We are well advised, therefore, to administer prescriptions
that may help alleviate some of the immediate pain and show promise of
contributing to a long-term remedy.  School choice, when properly
formulated, can fit the call.  (p. 3)
Block Quotes
▶ CMOS
Example:
In his book, Choosing Equality, Viteritti argues:
The present situation in education is intolerable.  We are also aware of the
measures that policymakers have taken to alter the pattern of educational
inequality thus far; and it is clear these approaches have proven
unsatisfactory.  We are well advised, therefore, to administer prescriptions
that may help alleviate some of the immediate pain and show promise of
contributing to a long-term remedy.  School choice, when properly
formulated, can fit the call.6  

6
Viteritti, Choosing Equality, 3.
Questions?
▶ Additional Resources for APA:
▶ APA Handbook (
http://www.apastyle.org/)
▶ PurdueOWL (
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/o
wl/section/2/10/
) ▶
▶ UNWSP Research Librarians (
http://guide.unwsp.edu/citing)
▶ “How to Document Sources Using
APA Style” (Wood, 2011, pp. 287-
291)
▶ Additional Resources for CMOS:
▶ Chicago Manual of Style (full)
(https://www-
chicagomanualofstyle-
org.ezproxy.unwsp.edu/book/
ed17/part3/ch14/psec023.html)
PurdueOWL
(https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/rese
arch_and_citation/chicago_manual
_17th_edition/
chicago_style_introduction.html)
▶ UNWSP Research Librarians (
http://guide.unwsp.edu/citing)