Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, the students

are expected to:
1. define and understand the measures of
central tendency;
2. calculate the mean, median, and mode
of a data set; and
3. differentiate the measures of central
tendency.
Statistics involves the collection, organization,
summarization, presentation, and interpretation of
data.

The branch of statistics that involves the collection,

organization, summarization, and presentation of data
is called descriptive statistics.

The branch that interprets and draws conclusions

from the data is called inferential statistics.
 Measures of Central Tendency
One type of measure being used to describe
a data set is the measure of central tendency,
which yields information about the center or
majority of a group of numbers. It is a single
value that stands for or represents a group of
values in the data set.
The most common measures of central
tendency or averages are the arithmetic
mean, the median, and the mode.
 The Arithmetic Mean

Statisticians often collect data from small

portions of a large group in order to determine
information about the group.
 The Median
Another type of average is the median.

Any list of numbers that is arranged in

numerical order from smallest to largest or
largest to smallest is a ranked list.
Example 4.1.2 Find the median of the data
in the following lists.
a.4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
a. The list 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12 contains 7
numbers. The median of a list with an odd
number of entries is found by ranking the
numbers and finding the middle number.
Ranking the numbers from smallest to largest
gives
1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14, 21
The middle number is 9. Thus 9 is the
median.
b. The list 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108 contains 6
numbers. The median of a list of data with an even
number of entries is found by ranking the numbers
and computing the mean of the two middle
numbers. Ranking the numbers from smallest to
largest gives
23, 46, 77, 89, 92, 108
The two middle numbers are 77 and 89. The mean
of 77 and 89 is 83. Thus 83 is the median of the
data.
 The Mode
A third type of average is the mode.
Definition 4.1.3 The mode of a list of numbers
is the number that occurs most frequently.
 The Mode
A third type of average is the mode.
Definition 4.1.3 The mode of a list of numbers
is the number that occurs most frequently.

Example 4.1.3 Find the mode of the data in

the following lists.

a. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21

b. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23
a. In the list 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21,
the number 15 occurs more often than the
other numbers. Thus 15 is the mode.

b. Each number in the list 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4,

7, 23 occurs only once. Because no
number occurs more often than the
others, there is no mode.
 The Weighted Mean
A value called the weighted mean is often
used when some data values are more
important than others.
Example 4.1.4 There are 1,000 coffees
sold at Php 10 each; 500 coffees at Php 20
each; 500 coffees at 25 each, and 100
coffees at Php 30 each. Compute the
weighted mean.
Example 4.1.5 Table 4.1.1 shows Rico’s first-
semester course grades. Use the weighted
mean formula to find Rico’s GPA for the first
semester.
Course Course Numerical Course Units
Grade Equivalent
English B 3 3
Rizal A 4 3
Chem Lecture D 1 3
Chemistry C 2 2
Laboratory
Calculus A- 3.5 6
Philosophy B-
Alma’s Grades, 2.5
First Semester 3
Table 4.1.1
Exercise Set 4.1
1.Jeffrey has been working on programming and updating a
Website for his company for the past 24 months. The following
numbers represent the number of hours Jeffrey has worked on this
Website for each of the past 12 months: 24, 25, 31, 50, 53, 66, 78,
80, 45, 39, 67, 71. Find the mean, median, and mode of Jeffrey’s
working hours.
2. In a science class, labs are worth 50 of the grade, quizzes are
worth 10 of the grade, homework is worth 15 of the grade, and tests
are worth 25 of the grade.
Julia got 25 out of 30 points on the first lab assignment, 50 out
of 50 points on the second lab assignment, and 40 out of 50 on the
third lab assignment.
She also got a grade of 70 in quizzes and 90 in homework.
On the first test, she got an 85 and on the second test she got 95.
What was Julia’s final grade?
References:
1. Aufmann, R.N.(2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. Rex Book
Store, Inc.
2. Albert, J. (2008). Basic statistics for the tertiary level (1st ed.).
Rex Printing Company.
3.Altares, P. et al (2012). Elementary statistics with computer
applications (2nd ed.). Rex Printing Company.
4. Daligdig, R.M. (2019). Mathematics in the Modern World. Lorimar
Publishing, Inc.
5.Carpio, J.N. and Peralta, B.D. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern
World. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
6.Olejan, R.O., Veloria, E.V., Bonghanoy, G.B., Ondaro, J.E.,and
Sumalinog, J.D. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. MUTYA
Publishing House, Inc.
7.Manlulu, E.A. and Hipolito, L.M. (2019). A Course Module for
Mathematics in the Modern World. Rex Book Store, Inc.