TURNIN

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TURNING
Turning is carried out on a lathe of
some description, the type depending
on the complexity of the workpiece and
the quantity required.
CENTRE LATHES
 Centre lathes are made in a variety of sizes and are identified
by the maximum size of workpiece which can be machined.
 The most important capacity is the largest diameter which can
be rotated over the bed of the machine, and this is known as
the swing.
 The second important capacity is the maximum length of
workpiece which can be held between the centres of the
machine.
CENTRE LATHE ELEMENTS
CENTRE LATHE ELEMENTS
1. BED
The lathe bed is the foundation of the complete machine.
It is made from cast iron, designed with thick sections to
ensure complete rigidity and freedom from vibration.
Two styles of bed are available:

 Straight bed - where the guideways are continuous over the

length of the bed
 Gap bed - where a section of the guideways under the spindle
nose can be removed.
CENTRE LATHE ELEMENTS
2. HEADSTOCK
The complete headstock
consists of a box-shaped
casting rigidly clamped to the
guideways of the bed and
contains the spindle, gears to
provide a range of 12 spindle
speeds, and levers for speed
selection.
2. HEADSTOCK
 Cam-lock provides a quick, easy and safe means of securing
work-holding equipment to the spindle nose.
2. HEADSTOCK
 Gearbox - fitted on the
lower side of the
headstock, provides the
range of feeds to the
saddle and cross-slide
through the feed shaft,
and the screw-cutting
range through the
leadscrew.
CENTRE LATHE ELEMENTS
3. TAILSTOCK
The function of the
tailstock is to hold a
centre when turning
between centres, or to act
as a support at the end of
long workpieces.
 CENTRE LATHE ELEMENTS
4. SADDLE
The saddle rests on top of the bed and is guided
by two guideways which, for stability, are the two
furthest apart.
CENTRE LATHE ELEMENTS
5. CROSS-SLIDE
Mounted in the
dovetail slideway on
the top surface of the
saddle, the cross-slide
moves at right angles
to the centre line of
the machine spindle.
CENTRE LATHE ELEMENTS
6. TOP SLIDE
Often referred as the
compound slide, fits on
its slideway and can be
adjusted for wear by
means of a gib strip and
adjusting screws.
CENTRE LATHE ELEMENTS
7. APRON
It is attached to the underside of the saddle at the
front of the machine and contains the gears for
transmission of movement from the leadscrew and
feed shaft.
The complete assembly of apron, saddle and slides is
known as the carriage.
CENTRE LATHE CONTROLS
 CENTRE LATHE CONTROLS
 Starting the machine
Before starting the machine, ensure that the feed-engage
lever and the thread-cutting lever are in the disengaged
position.
Select the feed axis required, i.e. longitudinal travel of
carriage or cross-slide, by means of the apron push-pull knob.
Select the direction of feed by means of selector handle.
Select the feed rate required by referring to the charts on the
headstock and selecting the appropriate position of selector
dial and feed-selector handles.
Select the spindle speed by means of selector handles.
Switch on the main electrical supply at the mains isolator.
Start the spindle by lifting the spindle-control lever for
reverse or lowering it for forward. The mid-position is
"stop".
Start and stop the feed motion as required by means of the
feed-engage lever.
Do not attempt to change speeds and feeds when the spindle
is running – always stop the machine first.
 CENTRE LATHE CONTROLS

Stopping the machine

The machine can be stopped
by returning the spindle-
control lever to its central
stop position.
GUARDS
 are physical barriers which prevent access to the danger
zone.
Typical chuck guard is comprising a metal frame
incorporating a high-impact transparent material providing
maximum operator protection and good visibility.
GUARDS
Larger lathes are best fitted with sliding shield guards,
made from high-quality steel with a polycarbonate window
to provide maximum operator protection from chuck, swarf
and coolant and provide excellent visibility.
WORKHOLDING
workpieces can be held in a Centre lathe by a
variety of methods depending on the shape and
the operation being carried out.
The most common method of holding workpiece
is in a chuck mounted on the end of the spindle.
WORKHOLDING

Several types of chuck:

Three-jaw self-centring scroll chuck
Four-jaw independent chuck
Collet chuck
SEVERAL TYPES OF CHUCK:
Three-jaw self-centring scroll chuck - this
chuck is used to hold circular or hexagonal
workpieces
SEVERAL TYPES OF CHUCK:
Four-jaw independent chuck - is used to hold square,
rectangular and irregular-shaped work which cannot be
held in the three-jaw self-centring type.
SEVERAL TYPES OF CHUCK:
Collet chuck- this type of chuck, fits on the
spindle nose and is convenient for bar and the
smaller diameter workpieces.
WORKHOLDING
Chuck keys or wrench - a tool that is made
for the purpose of tightening or loosening the
jaws of a chuck.
 WORKHOLDING
 Faceplate - is used for workpieces which cannot be easily
held by any of the other methods. When fixed to the machine,
the face is square to the machine-spindle center line.
PRECAUTIONS FOR FACEPLATE WORK
 When the workpiece has been clamped, check each nut and
screw to ensure it is tight. Check for ‘out of balance’ of the
faceplate – a counterbalance may be required.
WORKHOLDING
Centres or Center - is a tool that has been
ground to a point to accurately position a
workpiece on an axis.
WORKHOLDING
Steadies - are used to hold a workpiece
when it needs supporting somewhere other
than at the chuck or tailstock positions.
Two kinds of Steadies:
Two-point travelling steady
Three-point fixed steady
WORKHOLDING
Mandrel - is a hardened and ground bar with
centres holes in each end and a flat machined at
one end to accept the work carrier or lathe dog.
CENTRE LATHES OPERATIONS
Turning
Drilling
Tapping
Reaming
Boring
Knurling
CENTRE LATHES OPERATIONS

Turning – It is the machining operation in

which excess material is removed by rotating
the work piece against a cutting tool.
Drilling - It is the process of making holes in
the workpiece. The drill is fed slowly into the
workpiece which is revolving in a chuck.
CENTRE LATHES OPERATIONS
Tapping - If the hole drilled on
the lathe requires threading, this
can be carried out by hand, using hand taps.

Reaming - It is the operation of finishing

and sizing a hole which has been previously
drilled or bored.
CENTRE LATHES OPERATIONS

Knurling - It is the process of indentation of

various forms on cylindrical surfaces.

Boring - It is the operation of enlarging the

previously drilled hole with the aid of single
point cutting tool called boring tool.
TAPER TURNING
The method used to turn a taper depends upon the
angle of taper, its length and the number of
workpieces to be machined.

Three methods are commonly used:

 with a form tool
with the top or compound slide
with a taper-turning attachment
 FORM TOOL
 Short tapers of any angle can be produced by grinding the
required angle on the cutting tool. The cutting tool is then fed
into the work until the desired length of taper is produced.
 TOP OR COMPOUND SLIDE
Taper turning can be carried out from the top
slide by swivelling it to half the included angle
required on the work.
 TAPER TURNING ATTACHMENT
 It can be fitted at the rear of the cross-slide and can be used
to turn included angles up to 20° over a length of around
250mm, both internally and externally.
SCREW CUTTING
 In order for the tool to travel along the same path as the
previous cut. The position of engagement of the split nut
on the leadscrew for each cut is very important.
 SAFETY IN USE OF LATHE
To avoid the risk of accident:
 Always follow the training provided by your
employer.
 Ensure chuck guard is in position.
 Ensure splash guard is in position to protect from
swarf and metalworking fluid.
 Always wear eye protection and any other PPE
required.
 Take great care before engaging automatic feeds
and when screw-cutting.
SAFETY IN USE OF LATHE
 Do not attempt to adjust the coolant
supply or remove swarf when the
machine is running.
 Do not wear jewelry or loose clothing.
 Always have long hair tied back or in a
hairnet.
 Never use emery cloth by hand on a
rotating workpiece.
 Never leave the chuck key in the chuck.