CEREBRUM

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF
BRAIN
-Ms. MUBEENA BANU NAHIMULLAH
MPT WOMEN’S HEALTH (T0521002)
 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENTATION
• FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF CEREBRUM
-INTRODUCTION
-CEREBRAL SURFACES, MARGINS, POLES AND LOBES
-GROSS FUNCTIONS OF LOBES
• SULCI AND GYRI
-DEFINITION AND SIGNIFICANCE
-VARIETIES
-SULCI AND GYRI OF EACH LOBES
• FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF BRAIN
-MOTOR CORTICAL AREA
-SOMATO-SENSORY AREA
• APPLIED ANATOMY

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CEREBRUM AND CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

1. Cerebrum form the largest part of the brain

2. Consists of two hemispheres that are incompletely
separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure with a central
cavity called Lateral Ventricle
3. These two hemispheres are connected to each other across
the median plan by the corpus callosum, where it contains
the cavity called lateral ventricle
4. Consists of
3- POLES
3-SURFACES
4-BORDERS
4-LOBES

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POLES OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

FRONTAL POLE
(ANTERIOR END)

TEMPORAL POLE
(ANTERIOR END OF THE
TEMPORAL POLE)

OCCIPITAL POLE
(POSTERIOR END)

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BORDERS OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
SUPERO-MEDIAL BORDER:
Between the supero-lateral and medial
surfaces
INFERO-LATERAL BORDER: Between
the supero-lateral and basal surface
anteriorly, this forms the superciliary
border, that separates the super-lateral
from the orbital surface of the frontal lobe.
Depression called pre-occipital notch is
present
MEDIAL OCCIPITAL:
Tentorial part of the inferior and medial
surface
MEDIAL ORBITAL:
Orbital part of the inferior and medial
surface

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 SURFACES OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

INFERIOR SURFACE
Irregular form
Divided into two regions, orbital
and tentorial
SUPERO-LATERAL MEDIAL SURFACE
SURFACE Flat and vertical and is separated
Convex in adaptation to the from the other hemisphere by
concavity of the cranium the LONGITUDINAL
FISSURE AND FLAX
CEREBRI

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 LOBES OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
FRONTAL PARIETAL TEMPORAL OCCIPITAL

1. Accounts for only 41% of the 1. Accounts for only 19% of the 1. Accounts for only 22% of the 1. Accounts for only 18% of the
total neocortical volume total neocortical volume total neocortical volume total neocortical volume
2. Motor cortex 2. Anteriorly: Central Sulcus 2. Hearing and selective 2. Triangular in shape
3. Premotor cortex 3. Posteriorly: Parieto-occipital listening 3. Posterior to the temporal lobe
4. Broca's Area Fissure 3. Comprehension of speech 4. Overlies to tentorium cerebelli
5. Voluntary movements 4. Medially: Medial 4. Understand meaningful 5. Home for the primary and
6. Motor learning and memory Longitudinal Fissure speech secondary visual cortex
7. Personality, behaviour and 5. Laterally: Lateral Sulcus 6. Mapping of visual fields and
abstract thinking 6. Sensory integration and visual memory
8. Regulation of emotions perception 7. Colour differentiation
9. Sensi-motor integration 7. Home for the primary sensory
10. Speech cortex
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SULCI AND GYRI 1. The surfaces of the
hemispheres are molded into
a number of irregular
eminences, named Gyri or
convolutions and separated
by furrows called as Sulci. If
the sulci is much deeper that
is called as the Fissure.

2. Each sulci corresponds to the

indwelling of the cortex and
thereby the total amount of
grey matter is about 3 times
the Surface area of the
cerebral hemisphere

3. The pattern of the folds, is

largely determined by the
differential growth of the
specific functional areas of
the cortex
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TYPES OF SULCUS

Limiting sulcus- separates two

different structural and functional area
at its floor
CENTRAL SULCUS

Secondary sulcus- exuberant growth

of an adjoining area
LATERAL SULCUS

Complete sulcus- deeper sulcus (a

little lesser than a fissure)
CALCARINE SULCUS
Axial sulcus- long axis of a
homogenous area
POST CALCARINE SULCUS
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SULCI AND GYRI ON THE SUPEROLATERAL
SURFACE OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
SULCI
Lateral Sulcus
Central Sulcus
FRONTAL LOBE:
1. Pre-central sulcus
2. Superior frontal sulcus
3. Inferior frontal sulcus
TEMPORAL LOBE:
4. Superior temporal sulcus
5. Inferior temporal sulcus
PARIETAL LOBE:
6. Post-central sulcus
7. Intraparietal sulcus
OCCIPITAL LOBE:
8. Transverse occipital sulcus
9. Arcus Parieto-occipital sulcus
10. Lateral Occipital sulcus
11. Lunate sulcus
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GYRI
FRONTAL LOBE:
1. Pre-central gyrus
2. Superior frontal gyrus
3. Middle frontal gyrus
4. Inferior frontal gyrus
TEMPORAL LOBE:
5. Superior, Middle, Inferior,
transverse (Anterior and
Posterior)
PARIETAL LOBE:
6. Post central gyrus
7. Supra-marginal gyrus
8. Angular gyrus
OCCIPITAL LOBE:
9. Superior and inferior
occipital gyri
10
 SULCI AND GYRI ON THE SUPEROLATERAL
SURFACE OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

CENTRAL SULCUS
1. Commences in the supra-medial border of
the hemisphere, a little posterior to the
mid-point between the nasion and the
inion
2. Runs downwards and forwards and ends a
little posterior to the lateral sulcus
3. Interlocking gyri are present
4. The floor of the sulcus is not at the same
depth throughout
LATERAL SULCUS
1. Deep cleft situated on the inferior and
lateral surfaces of the cerebral
hemisphere
2. Three ramus, the Ascending, posterior
and anterior ramus in relation to the
Inferior frontal gyrus
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FRONTAL LOBE PRECENTRAL GYRUS: The cortex
of this gyrus is the origin of many
fibres of large cortico-nuclear and
corticospinal tracts

INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS: The

areas around the two rami ascending
and anterior rami of the lateral sulcus
on the left forms the speech area
(BROCA’S AREA) associated with the
motor element of the speech

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TEMPORAL LOBE

Anterior transverse gyrus

(BROADMAN’S AREA 41)
AUDITARY FUNCTION Posterior transverse gyrus
(BROADMAN’S AREA 42)
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PARIETAL LOBE
POST CENTRAL GYRUS:
Between central and post central
sulci and receives the sensory
impulses

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 OCCIPITAL LOBE

LUNATE SULCUS: superior polar sulcus (1)

and inferior polar sulcus (2) gets its extensions
from the striate area and the visual cortex
2
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SULCI AND GYRI ON THE MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
SULCI GYRI
1. Anterior Parolfactory 1. Para-terminal
2. Posterior Parolfactory 2. Parolfactory
3. Cingulate 3. Medial frontal
4. Callosal 4. Paracentral lobule
5. Suprasplenial 5. Cingulate
6. Parieto-occipital 6. Cuneus
7. Calcarine 7. Pre-cuneus

1. Cingulate sulcus divides the medial surface to the

outer and the inner zone
2. The outer zone is divided to anterior and posterior
part, the large anterior part is called as the
MEDIAL FRONTAL GYRUS and the smaller
posterior part is the PARACENTRAL LOBULE
3. This area mediates control of movement of the
lower limb and perineal region of the contralateral
side
4. Voluntary control of micturition and defeacation
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SULCI AND GYRI ON THE INFERIOR SURFACE OF
THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

SULCI AND GYRI

ORBITAL SURFACE:
1. Olfactory sulcus
2. H- shaped sulcus
3. Anterior, posterior,
medial and lateral orbital
gyrus
TENTORIAL SURFACE:
4. Collateral sulcus
5. Occipito-temporal sulcus
6. Occipito-temporal gyri
7. Parahippocampal gyrus

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 FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF BRAIN
1. The areas of brain were distinguished based on the structural and functional data as the somatosensory, visual and
auditory areas
2. Then, it was distinguished as the receiving and the originating projection areas which again failed.
3. Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann based on
the cytoarchitectural organization of neurons he observed in the cerebral cortex using the Nissl method of cell
staining. Many of the areas Brodmann defined based solely on their neuronal organization have since been
correlated closely to diverse cortical functions.
4. MOTOR AREA/ SENSORY AREA/ASSOCIATION AREAS. The motor and the sensory area co-incide or overlap
in the same region of cortex. If the motor function is predominant it is called as the MOTOR-SENSORY.

LAT VIEW MED VIEW

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LOBE AREA BROADMAN’S LOCATION REPRESENTATION FUNCTION
NUMBER
FRONTAL LOBE MOTOR AREA 4 Pre-central gyrus and Upside down Voluntary activity of
paracentral lobule the opposite half of the
body
PRE MOTOR AREA 6 Posterior part of the Controls the Extra-
superior middle and pyramidal system
inferior frontal gyrus
FRONTAL EYE 6/8 Posterior part of the Controls the horizontal
FIELDS middle frontal gyrus conjugate movements
of the eyes
MOTOR SPEECH 44/45 Pars triangularis and Controls speech
AREA opercularis
PREFRONTAL AREA The remaining large, Controls emotions,
anterior part of frontal concentration,
lobe attention and
judgement
PARIETAL LOBE SENSORY AREA 3/1/2 Post-central gyrus and Upside down Perception of
Paracentral lobule exteroceptive and
proprioceptive
impulses
PARIETAL AREA Between sensory and Stereognosis and
visual areas sensory speech

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 Frontal lobe:
1. Supplementary motor area
2. Second somatosensory area

Parietal lobe:
3. Second and third somatosensory area
4. Second speech area
5. Somesthetic association cortex (5 and
7)

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LOBE AREA BROADMAN’S LOCATION REPRESENTATION FUNCTION
NUMBER
TEMPORAL LOBE AUDITOSENSORY 41/42 Posterior part of Reception and
AREA superior temporal perception of isolated
gyrus and anterior auditory impressions
transverse temporal of loudness, quality
gyrus and pitch
AUDITOPSYCHIC 22 Rest of the superior Co-relates the auditory
AREA temporal gyrus impression with past
memory and
identification of the
sound heard
OCCIPITAL LOBE VISUO-SENSORY 17 In and around the post Macular area has the Reception and
AREA calcarine sulcus largest representation perception of the
(STRIATE AREA) isolated visual
impressions of colour,
size, form, motion,
illumination and
transparency
VISUO-PSYCHIC 18/19 Around the striate area Co-relation of the
AREA visual impulses with
(PARASTRIATE AND past memory and
PERISTRIATE recognition of objects
AREAS) seen and also the depth

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 APPLIED ANATOMY

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 DEMENTIA:
Progressive detoriation of intellect, behaviour and personality as
a consequence of diffuse disease of the cerebral hemispheres,
maximally affecting the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE:
It is the frequently occurring neuro-degenerative disease of the
later stages, that results in the progressive detoriation of the
intellect, behaviour and the personality called as dementia

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 MOTOR AREA 4

VISUO-SENSORY AREA AREA NUMBER 17

WERNICKE’S AREA IS TEMPORAL AND

PRESENT IN PARIETAL LOBE

FRONTAL LOBE SENSIMOTOR INTEGRATION IS

THE FUNCTION OF

Thank you
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 REFERENCES
• B.D. CHAURASIA’S HUMAN ANATOMY
5TH EDITION

• GRAYS ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS

FIRST SOUTH ASIAN EDITION

• CUNNINGHAM’S MANUAL OF PRACTICAL ANATOMY

15TH EDITION

• GRAY’S ANATOMY- 36TH EDITION

• NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY ILLUSTRATED- LINDSAY

• IMAGES FROM (WIKIPEDIA/RADIOPEDIA/GIF.ORG)

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