Heat & Thermodynamics Lecture 1.6

Tuesday, December 27, 2022
Online Lecture 1.6

1
First law of thermodynamics:

This law states that when heat energy is converted into other
form of energy or when other form of energy is converted to
heat energy, then its total value remains constant.
OR
The amount of heat supplied to the system would be used to
increase the internal energy of the system and to do work
against the piston.
2
Mathematically the first law of thermodynamics can be

written as,
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊
Where is the heat supplied to the system, is the change or
increase in the internal energy (U), and is the work done against
the piston.
3
Explanation:
Consider a gas enclosed in a cylinder having movable piston as
shown in the figure.
dQ
dU
Gas
dQ 4
Now if we supply heat dQ to the system, then this heat is used by

the system for TWO purposes. One part of this heat is used to
increase the internal energy by dU, and other part is used by the
system to do work dW against the system.
So we have,
…………. (1)
5
Equation (1) represents the mathematical form of first law of

thermodynamics.
Applications of 1st law of Thermodynamics: There are

some applications of first law of thermodynamics has
discussed.
1. Isobaric process: The process in which the pressure of
the system remains constant is called as Isobaric process.
6
Explanation: Consider a gas enclosed in a cylinder as shown in

the figure.
P= Constant dW
dW=PdV
dQ
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Now if we supply some amount of heat dQ to the system then

the heat is used by the system to increase its internal energy by
dU, and to do work dW against the piston, due to which volume
of the system increases. Now according to first law of
thermodynamics, we have,
……. (A)
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A s , 𝑑𝑊 ∞ 𝑑𝑉
⇒ 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 Where P is constant
Replacing dW by PdV, equation A becomes,

dQ= dU+ PdV…………(B)
Equation (B) represents first law of thermodynamics

for Isobaric process.

9
Application No.2. Isochoric process
The process volume of the system remains constant is called

Isochoric process.
Explanation: Consider a gas enclosed in cylinder such that its
piston is fixed as shown in the figure.
Fixed piston Fixed piston
10
dW=0
Fixed piston Fixed piston
dQ
If we supply heat dQ to the system only internal energy dU will
increase and no work will be done because the piston is fixed
and no change occurs in volume.
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Now, by first law of thermodynamics we have,

but dW= PdV
As volume is fixed so dV=0, so equation (C) becomes,
……………(D)
Equation (D), shows that the amount of heat supplied to
the system at constant volume is totally used for
increasing the internal energy (dU) of the system.
12
Application No.3. Isothermal process

The process in which the temperature or internal energy of the
system remains constant is known as Isothermal process.
Explanation: Consider a gas enclosed in a cylinder having a
movable piston as shown in the figure (next slide)
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dW
dU=0
dQ
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Now if we supply heat dQ and keep the internal energy of the

gas constant, then this heat will be used by the system to do work
against the system i.e. to do work against the piston.
According to first law of thermodynamics , we have,
but in this case dU=0
So, 0r
……….(E)
15
Equation (E), shows that the amount of heat supplied to the

system has used to do work against the piston.
Application No.4. Adiabatic process

The process in which neither heat is given to the system nor
removed from the system is known as Adiabatic process.
Explanation: Consider a gas enclosed in a cylinder having a
movable piston as shown in the figure.
.
16
dW
dQ=0
Now in this case no heat is given to the system. The work done
against the piston is only possible due to compression of internal
energy.
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Now by first law of thermodynamics, we have,
But for an Adiabatic process dQ=0, so 1st law of

thermodynamics becomes
0
dW= - dQ……….(F)
Equation (F) shows that in Adiabatic process, the work is done at
the cost of internal energy.
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Heat & Thermodynamics Lecture 1.6

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Tuesday, December 27, 2022

Online Lecture 1.6

First law of thermodynamics:

Mathematically the first law of thermodynamics can be

Now if we supply heat dQ to the system, then this heat is used by

Equation (1) represents the mathematical form of first law of

Applications of 1st law of Thermodynamics: There are

Explanation: Consider a gas enclosed in a cylinder as shown in

Now if we supply some amount of heat dQ to the system then

Replacing dW by PdV, equation A becomes,

Equation (B) represents first law of thermodynamics

Application No.2. Isochoric process

The process volume of the system remains constant is called

Fixed piston Fixed piston

Now, by first law of thermodynamics we have,

Application No.3. Isothermal process

Now if we supply heat dQ and keep the internal energy of the

Equation (E), shows that the amount of heat supplied to the

Application No.4. Adiabatic process

Now by first law of thermodynamics, we have,

But for an Adiabatic process dQ=0, so 1st law of

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