Alternative

Philosophies
 Existentialism
 Constructivism
 Behaviorism
Existentialis
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Why do I exist?
What is EXISTENTIALISM
• Existentialism is a philosophical
doctrine which emphasizes the
freedom of human beings to make
choices, in a world where there are
no absolute values outside man
himself.
What is EXISTENTIALISM
•It holds that, as there is no God or any
transcendent force, the way to counter
this nothingness (and hence to finding
meaning in life) is by embracing
existence.
What is EXISTENTIALISM
◊Existentialism views that human
define their own MEANING in life,
and try to make rational decisions
despite existing in an irrational
universe.
◊ It believes that individuals are
entirely free and must take personal
What is EXISTENTIALISM
◊They believe that the human being is
the creator of his own essence; he
creates his own values through freedom
of choice or individual preference.
◊Existence precedes essence.
EXISTENCE precedes ESSENCE
Essence is created by existence. Human nature
(essence) is a product of existence
-J.P. Sartre
In defining who you are as
a human being, which is
more important to be able
to define your existence or
to be able to define your
EXISTENTIALISM
• Views that existence, or the human
situation is the starting point of thinking.
•It emphasizes concreteness of experience,
personal concern, commitment, and the
uniqueness of the individual
 Values of EXISTENTIALISM
•Freedom of choice
•Individual dignity
•Personal love
•Creative effort
Factors that affects FREEDOM of
CHOICE
1. Influence of the family, especially the parents
2. Influence of peers and associates
3. Religious orientation
4. Social approval
5. Cultural patterns
6. Financial status
Factors that affects FREEDOM of CHOICE
7. Psychological traits, especially intelligence
8. Sex
9. Health and Physical fitness
10. Education
 Proponents of Existentialism
“Human existence is
always individual in
character, never social.”
 Proponents of Existentialism

“Life is not a problem to

be solved, but a reality to
be experienced.”
 Proponents of Existentialism
“Existence precedes essence.”
“Man first exist without
purpose or definition, finds
himself in the world and only
then, as a reaction to
experience, defines the
meaning of life.”
Jean – Paul Sartre
 Proponents of Existentialism

“Every man is born as

many men and dies as a
single one.”

Martin Heidegger
 Proponents of Existentialism
“I would rather live my
life as if there is a God
and die to find out there
isn’t, than live as if there
isn’t and die to find out
that there is.”
Albert Camus
Existentialism in Education(Why
TEACH)
•To help students understand and appreciate themselves
as a unique individuals who accept complete
responsibility for their thoughts, feelings and actions
•Existentialist teacher’s role is to help students define
their own essence by exposing them to various paths
they take in life by creating an environment in which
they freely chose their own preferred way.
•Education of the whole person, not just the mind
Existentialism in Education(What to TEACH)
•Students are given a wide variety of options from
which to choose
•Humanities are given tremendous emphasis to
provide students with vicarious experiences that
will help unleash their own creativity and self –
expression.
•It encourages individual creativity and imagination
more than copying and imitating established models
Existentialism in Education(How to TEACH)
•Focus on the individual
•Learning is a self-paced, self-directed
•Teachers employ various clarification strategy
to help students know themselves and their
place in the society. Here teachers remain non-
judgmental and take care not to impose their
values on their students since values are
personal.
 Existentialism
• Ontology – A world of existence
• Epistemology – Personal subjective choice
• Axiology – Freedom
• Teaching reality doctrine – Subject matter of choice- art, ethics
• Teaching truths – Arousing personal responses, questioning
• Teaching Goodness – Awakening Self responsibility
• Why School exist – To aid children in knowing themselves and their place in
society.
• What should be taught – Unregimented topic areas
• Role of the Teachers – Questions, assist student in personal journey
• Role of Students – Determines own rule
• School’s attitude towards change – Change is necessary at all times.
Constructi
vism
What is CONSTRUCTIVISM

•Is a philosophy of learning founded on

the premise that, by reflecting on our
experiences, we construct our own
understanding of the world we live in
(Brooks & Brooks)
What is CONSTRUCTIVISM

•Based on the belief that learning

occurs when learners are actively
involved in a process of meaning and
knowledge construction as opposed to
passively receiving information
What is CONSTRUCTIVISM
•Learning is an active process
•Students will learn by doing
•Learner-centered
•focuses on application of knowledge, and foster
critical thinking
•Believes that what the human mind “construct” is a
reality based on perception, different people may
experience reality differently.
Proponents of CONSTRUCTIVISM
• A Swiss psychologist who
argues that people produce
knowledge and form
meaning based upon their
experiences
•Cognitive Constructivism
Jean Piaget
What is Cognitive
CONSTRUCTIVISM
•First, the idea that people learn actively
constructing new knowledge, not by having
information poured into their heads
•The learners are viewed as an active participant
on their own knowledge building process, and
teacher as a facilitator of that active process.
Proponents of CONSTRUCTIVISM
• A Russian psychologist who
introduces the constructivism
through socio-constructivist
that highlights the role of
social and cultural interactions
in the learning process.
•Social Constructivism
Lev Vygotsky
What is Social CONSTRUCTIVISM
•It emphasizes that all cognitive functions
including learning are dependent on the
interactions with others.
•Learning is based on real life adaptive problem
solving which takes place in a social manner
through shared experience and discussion.
Proponents of CONSTRUCTIVISM

• Learning is an active
process in which learners
construct new ideas or
concepts based upon their
current and past
knowledge.
Jerome Bruner
Proponents of CONSTRUCTIVISM

• Believed in “educating the

whole child, physically,
mentally, and socially, and
not just on the dispensation
of facts and information”
(Cushman et al 395)
John Dewey
Constructivism in Education(Why TEACH)
•Constructivists sees to develop
intrinsically motivated and independent
learners adequately equipped with
learning skills for them to be able to
construct knowledge and make meaning
of them.
Constructivism in Education(What to TEACH)
•The learners are taught how to learn. They are
taught learning processes and skills such as
searching, critiquing and evaluating information,
relating these pieces of information, reflecting on
the same, making meaning out of them, drawing
insights, posing questions, researching and
constructing new knowledge out of these bits of
information learned.
Constructivism in Education(How to TEACH)
•The teacher provides students with data
or experiences that allow them to
hypothesize, predict, manipulate
objects, pose questions, research,
investigate, imagine, and invent.
Constructivism in Education(How to TEACH)
•The constructivist classroom is
interactive. It promotes dialogical
exchange of ideas among learners and
between teacher and learners. Teacher’s
role is to facilitate this process.
Behaviorism
-
What is BEHAVIORISM
•An approach to psychology based on the
belief that all human actions and
responses can be explained in terms of
reflexes conditioned by reward and
punishments.
• Operates on the principle of “Stimulus-
response”
What is BEHAVIORISM
•It assumes that a learner is essentially
passive, responding to environmental
stimuli.
•Does not take into account the idea of
free will
What is BEHAVIORISM
•Measures behavior by learner’s
response to stimuli
•All behaviors are acquired by
conditioning
•An idea that behavior is acquired
through conditioning
Proponents of BEHAVIORISM
•Theory of classical
conditioning – involves
pairing a naturally
occurring stimulus with a
response.
Ivan Pavlov
Proponents of BEHAVIORISM
•Believed that human
behavior resulted from
specific stimuli that
elicited responses.

John B. Watson
Proponents of BEHAVIORISM
•Believed that the best way
to understand behavior is to
look at the causes of an
action and its consequences
•Operant Conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Behaviorism in Education(Why TEACH)
•Behaviorist schools are concerned with
the modification and shaping of
students’ behavior by providing for a
favorable environment, since they
believe that they are a product of their
environment
Behaviorism in Education(What to TEACH)
•Because behaviorist look at “people and
other animals as a complex combinations of
matter that act only in response to internally
or externally generated physical stimuli”,
behaviorist teachers teach students to
respond favorably to various stimuli in the
environment.
Behaviorism in Education(How to TEACH)
•Ought to arrange environmental conditions so
that students can make the responses to
stimuli.
•Physical variables like light, temperature ,
arrangement of furniture, size and quantity of
visual aids have to be controlled to get the
desired responses from the learners
Behaviorism in Education(How to TEACH)
•Teachers ought to make the stimuli clear and
interesting to capture and hold the learners’
attention
•Ought to provide appropriate incentives to
reinforce positive responses and weaken or
eliminate negative ones (Trespeces,1995)
THANK YOU!
References
• Purita P. Bilbao,Ed.D.,Brenda B. Corpuz, Ph.D. et. al., The Teaching
Profession
• Jose F. Calderon, Ed. D.,Foundations of Education
• Cecilio D. Duka, Ed. D.,Philosophy of Education
• Existentialism|Definition, Nature
http://www.Britannica.com/topic/existentialism
• http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/iansagabaen28/philosophy-of-education
-existentialism
• www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/constructivism.html
• http://www.psy.gla.ac.uk/~steve/courses/archive/CERE12-13-safari-archive
/topic3/webarchive-index.html
• http://www.slideshare.net/swatka94/behaviorism-and-education?from_m_
app=android