PHILOSPOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF

CURRICULUM
Let’s watch the video
about
“Existentialism”
 Why am I here? Why do I exist?

What is my
purpose in life?

What is my
essence?
From the Latin Word

ex
(out)
Exsistere
(to stand out)
stere
(to stand)
WHAT IS
EXISTENTIALISM?
- A philosophy
- Emphasizes individual F, E and C
- Humans define their own meaning in
life, then try to make rational decisions.
 WHAT IS DEFINITION OF
EXISTENTIALISM IN EDUCATION?

 Focuseson the individual’s freedom to choose

their own purpose in life
 WHY?
 Educator believe there is no GOD or higher
power
 Encouragestudents to create their own
meaning of life
 WHY THIS IS IMPORTANT IN
EDUCATION?

 To instill the students with 3 item:

 BAK
S
 CD
 Teacher
serve as an INTELLECTUAL and
ROLE MODEL
 WHY IS EXISTENTIALISM SO
IMPORTANT?

 All freedom - stems from it

 Freedom WITHOUT responsibility is anarchy

 Freedom WITH responsibility is existentialism

 WHAT IS THE GOAL OF
EXISTENTIALISM?

 Tounderstand the way that client/person sees

the world
 Help them to make choice
 WHY?
 People
often have a limited awareness of
themselves and the nature of their problems
Let’s watch the video
about
“Phenomenology”
 WHAT IS
PHENOMENOLOGY?
Philosophical that study :
 the
structures of EXPERIENCE and
CONSCIOUSNESS
 Observed UNUSUAL people / event
 Directinvestigation of phenomena without
theories about their causal explanation
 WHAT IS DEFINITION OF
PHENOMENOLOGY IN EDUCATION?

A pedagogy concerned with actual

experience of everyday life as they are
experientially lived, sensed and acted

A research technique that involved the

careful description of aspects of human life
 WHAT IS THE GOAL OF
PHENOMENOLOGY?

 To clarify and enlighten how people understand and

comprehend certain phenomena
 A method is not applied to education as a philosophical
understanding but is subject to educational interests,
purposes and moral consideration, from which it cannot
be separated
 To open up possibilities for creating formative relations
between being and acting, between thoughtfulness and
tact
 Making visible and thus “reflectable” the relation
between the human being and the world
The Philosophers
Among the best-known existentialist
philosophers are :

Sӧren Kierkegaard Martin Heidegger Jean-Paul Sartre

(1813-1855) (1889-1976) (1905-1980)
 Sӧren Kierkegaard
Danish philosopher born in Copenhagen
The father of existentialism
Human existence is always individual in character,
never social.
Believe in 3 stages of life to becoming true self:
- aesthetic
- ethical Represent competing
views of life
- religious
 Produce a lot of quotes, such as:
- “Don’t forget to love yourself”
- “One you label me, you negate me”
 Martin Heidegger

German philosopher whose work is associated

with phenomenology and existentialism

His idea about ‘Dasein’, means “being there”

and emphasizes that we are totally immersed in
the world.
 Jean-Paul Sartre

French philosopher and principal spokesman for

the existentialist movement in post-war France

An atheistic existentialist

According to him, since there is no God or designer

to give man a purpose, it is up to the individual to
choose the life they think best.

We are responsible for everything we do.

 Edmund Husserl

He was a German philosopher

Father of Phenomenology
Insisted that phenomenology is a science of
consciousness
He argued that study of consciousness must
actually be very different from the study of
nature
Create new concept: intentionality, eidetic
reduction, transcendental ego .
EXISTENTIALISM
Aim of Education
To help students understand and
appreciate themselves as unique
individuals who accept complete
responsibility for their thoughts, feelings,
and actions.
To educate the whole person, not just the
mind, since feeling is not divorced from
reason in decision making.
To help the learner become fully his
authentic self.
The Existentialism Curriculum
Learning is self-paced, self-directed.
Students are given a wide variety of
options from which to choose.
The humanities are given emphasis to
provide students with vicarious
experiences that will help unleash
their own creativity and self-
expression.
The Existentialism Curriculum
Composed of fine arts, drama, creative
expression, literature, and philosophy.
Vocational education is seen more as a
means of teaching students about
themselves and their potentials than that
of earning a livelihood.
PHENOMENOLOGY
 PHENOMENOLOGY

AIMS OF EDUCATION

 To find the essence or structure of an experience by explaining

how complex meanings.
Examples: the essence of being a participant in a particular
program or the essence of understanding a subject.

 Presupposes a broad understanding of education

 Orients to experience, interpretation, language

 Start in the lived experience of the child

 Asks educational questions to phenomenological education

 PHENOMENOLOGY

CURRICULUM

 There can’t be a generally prescribed humanistic

curriculum
 Humanistic learning may enhance the mental health of
the learners, harmonize personal feelings among the
students and teachers and improve various aspect of
human awareness among students, teachers and
curriculum specialists
 Processes personal experiences and subjective
interpretations that leave them open to criticism
 There is a great need to examine and understand what is
relevant in humanistic curricula.
EXISTENTIALISM
Methods of Education
EXISTENTIALISM
Focus is on the individual.
In arts, existentialism encourages individual
creativity and imagination more than copying
and imitating established models. Creativity is
an expression of oneself.
In teaching values, teachers remain non-
judgmental and take care not to impose their
values on their students since values are
personal.
Methods of Education EXISTENTIALISM

There should be private and open spaces

in the classroom to facilitate dialogues,
small group discussions, and
individualization to lessen the tension,
formality, and constraint experienced by
the learners.
Methods of Education EXISTENTIALISM

 Students-centred
 Activity-centred
 Scientific method
 Experimentation
 Question-Answer Method (Socratic)
 Against the Group Method
 Self-expressive activities
 Method and media that illustrate emotions, feeling and
insights.
 Inductive Thinking.
 Does not believe in indoctrination but enhancing the child’s
creativity.
 Home-schooling is preferred over School Education.
Role of the Teachers EXISTENTIALISM

To help students define their own essence

by exposing them to various paths they
take in life.
To create an environment in which they
freely choose their own preferred way.
To relates with each student openly and
honestly.
Role of the Teachers EXISTENTIALISM

To help the individual identify and know

himself better.
Questioner
Poser of alternatives
 Role of the Teachers EXISTENTIALISM

 Teacherdoes not have authority toward aim of

education of the students.
 Teacheras a catalyst that give a chance for
students express their feelings and emotions.
 Risk themselves in classroom experimentation.
 Lookfor the potentiality and wisdom of the
person.
 Trust the learner and be a facilitator.
 Treats
students with a sense of equality and
mutual respect.
 Protect and preserve academic freedom.
 Teacher is very active and welcomes challenges
to his ideas from the students.
Role of Learners EXISTENTIALISM

To freely choose what subjects they want

to study as long as they are interested in it.
To define their own essence or meaning
of life.
PHENOMENOLOGY
 Methods of Education PHENOMENOLOGY

 Be able to comprehend the educational process

from the standpoint of subject matter to be
learned
 From the lived experience perspective of the
learner.
 Process of learning and constructing the
meaning of experiences.
 Student-Centred
Role of the Teachers PHENOMENOLOGY

 Teacher as a facilitator.
 Teacher search for way to always motivate students.
 Teacheraddress the needs of students based on
Hierarchy Maslow.
 Expose students with real situation and experience.
 Example : experiments
field trips
 CRITIQUES
• EXISTENTIALISM
POSITIVE
Existentialism in education
promotes individuality because
they believe no two children are
alike.
Condemned the school as a
dehumanizing force that
indoctrinates the individual and
steals personal initiative.
Individual are manipulated by
others.
NEGATIVE
Total freedom of choice will
without any limitation or
guidance will harm to the
individual.
Lack of commonsense. It will
leads to selfishness, egoism,
disagree and not respect to each
others
 CRITIQUES
• PHENOMENOLOGY
POSITIVE
Understanding how people
consciousness is developed or
educated from their own
perspective – naturally setting by
human behave
Holistic approach in research
which will cover all the aspect
based on situation
Generate idea and awareness
from real experiences, not
manipulated
NEGATIVE
Different people have different
perspective based on their
experience – cannot expect
everybody have same
understanding
Useful only to the extent that is
clarifies rather than confuses
thinking -cannot differentiate
good and bad value
Not familiar to the scientific
terminology – difficult to
understand the concept
CONCLUSION

 Both this idealism in education do not mean individuals cannot learn from
others, cannot profit from discipline or cannot gain knowledge from formal
school.
 They insist however there is not the only way to people create new avenue
and identities.
 They also helped foster the movement known as alternative education and
open our eyes to human possibility.
References:
Books:
 Ozmon H.A & Craver.S.M (2008), Philosophical Foundations of Education.New
Jersey. Pearson Publication
 Ornstein A.C & Hunkins F.P (2004), Curriculum Foundations, Principles and
Issues. Pearson Publication.

Articles & Journal:

 Magrini, J (2012), Existentialism, Phenomenology and Education .Philosophy
Scholarship, Paper 30
 Mescht, H.V (2004), Phenomenology in Education:A Case Study in Educational
Leadership. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, Volume 4, Edition 1.
 Koirala,M.P (2011), Existentialism in Education. Academic Voices A
Multidisciplinary Journal, Volume 1, No.1.

Internet Souces:
Zulaikha, S. Falsafah Eksistensialisme. www.slideshare.net/ mobile/
SitiZulaikhaSalleh/falsafah-eksistensialisme
Q&A