Parts of Research Paper

Chapter 1
• Introduction
• Background of the Study
•Review of Related Literature and Study
•Theoretical Framework
•Conceptual Framework
•Statement of the Problem
•Hypotheses
•Scope and Limitation of the Study
•Definition of Terms
Chapter 2
•Research Design
•Subject of the Study
•Population and Sampling Technique
•Research Procedure
•Research Instrument
•Statistical Tools
 Extent of Fertility and Birth Rates Mean VI Rank Mean VI Rank Mean VI Rank Mean VI Rank
1. There is a high rate of fertility and birth rates in
our place. 4.044 Often 6 4.089 Often 7 4.267 Always 4 4.133 Often 6
2. The streets are filled with adults and children who
spend their leisure time playing and sharing of
stories. 3.933 Often 8 3.667 Often 8 4.200 Often 6 3.933 Often 8
3. There are available job opportunities in our
locality that provides a decent pay. 2.205 Seldom 10 2.356 Seldom 10 2.089 Seldom 10 2.216 Seldom 10
4. There is an increasing number of household in
our place compared to the previous years. 4.400 Always 4 4.512 Always 3 4.178 Often 7 4.361 Always 4
5. A large number of children who are enrolling in
basic education (elementary and high school)
increase annually. 4.844 Always 1 4.489 Always 4 4.614 Always 2 4.649 Always 1
6. The number of children is greater compared to
the adults. 4.511 Always 2 4.622 Always 1 4.667 Always 1 4.600 Always 2
7. Most families in our locality have four or more
children. 4.500 Always 3 4.556 Always 2 4.267 Always 4 4.440 Always 3
8. By age 24, each of our young women already
bore 1 child, on average. 4.222 Always 5 4.444 Always 5 4.244 Always 5 4.304 Always 5
9. There was a prevalence of teenage pregnancy in
our area. 3.956 Often 7 4.111 Often 6 3.889 Often 8 3.985 Often 7
10. Young people continue to look positively in
marriage. 2.822 Sometimes 9 2.622 Sometimes 9 2.489 Rarely 9 2.644 Sometimes 9
WM 3.944 Often 3.947 Often 3.890 Often 3.927 Often
•Table 4 shows the extent of fertility and birth rate in poblacion, coastal and upland
communities.
•As seen on the table, the prevalence of large number of students enrolling every
year in basic education is always observed by the respondents; the overall mean
score was 4.649. There are a of high fertility and birth rates, prevalence of teenage
pregnancy, streets filled by adults and children who spend their leisure time playing
or sharing of stories greater number of children compared to adults in the three
geographical location and most of the families four or more children both interpreted
as always. The number of household increase annually in poblacion and coastal
compared to upland areas, it rank as number 4 and has a general weighted mean of
4.361. Other measures of fertility and birthrates are also described by the
respondents such as the observance all are interpreted as often. German sociologist
Ferdinand Tonnies used to term these rural communities as Gameinschaft where
the personal relationships of people are intimate or defined and regulated on the
basis of traditional social rules. Some children in poblacion and coastal areas has a
positive glance to marriage compared to the children in the upland areas which got a
weighted mean of 2.644 and verbally interpreted as sometimes. Last in the rank is
the availability of job opportunities on the three identified geographical terrain
because the more residents or people, the more job opportunities will be needed to
provide the needs of the fast growing population on the area. Sadly, there was no
available job opportunity in their locality that provides a decent pay. The income that
they generate from their present job did not meet the needs of the family. It implies
that the Poblacion, Coastal and Upland Communities in the Northeastern Laguna
has a high frequency of fertility and birth rates but less in job opportunities.
•Based on the participatory rural appraisal conducted by LSPU extension
office in the municipalities of the fourth district of Laguna, livelihood
programs were among the answers in unemployment that the villagers had
suggested to earn a living. Livelihood skills and technologies in food
processing and agriculture-related products were suggested. Most of the
barangays are situated in upland areas which are agricultural thus they
have good source of raw materials such as cassava, sweet potato, ube
(yam) and other rootcrops. Value adding, good packaging and marketing
assistance could be introduced to the households to help them establish a
good source of income.
•The appraised areas were also blessed with very rich flora and fauna
diversity that could be developed into an agri-ecotourism. The Buruwisan
Falls in Brgy. Macatad, Siniloan and Ambon-Ambon Falls in Brgy.
Natividad, Pangil can be further enhanced to attract more tourists that
could eventually help create employment in the community. Handicraft and
souvenir making is another additional potential livelihood for the people.
The higher the population growth the higher needs of the residents in
providing the needs of their family. The combined p-value of the
poblacion, coastal and upland has also a significant relation to fertility
and birth rate signifying an urgent call for the residents to each
geographical locations to nurture their skills and potentials through skill
development training so that they could earn more compared on the
total reliance on their environment. It also implies that the poblacion
areas are less to have a problem in economic resources due to the
availability of commercial establishments that provides occupation for the
residents, therefore upon gaining the required competencies through
training programs the residents of coastal and upland could work in
problacion areas. On the part of the government intensive and regular
trainings for the residents is needed and giving of livelihood program will
help.
 Difference on the Assessment of Teachers and Parents on the Changes in the Pupils Behavior
and Character

Mean Statistical

df Tool p-value Decision Interpretation

Teacher 5 10 T-Test 0.000342 Reject Significant

Changes
Ho
in the
Pupils 4.364727 T-Test
Behavior
and
Parents Character
 Sig. Ho Decision
Constant 0.025 Reject S
GPA
Program 0.348 Accept NS
Analytic 0.001 Reject S
Quantitative 0.000 Reject S
Verbal 0.002 Reject S

0.05- Threshold Value/Alpha Level of Significance

F Com F tab Ho VI
3.529 3.428 Reject S
3.529 3.498 Reject S
0.02 0.053 Accept NS
 Test Mean t P-value Ho VI
Grade Pre-test 45 5.47 0.045
1
Post- 57
test
Grade Pre test 43 7.47 0.035
2
Post 65
test
Grade Pre-test 57 8.43 0.02
3 Post 65
test
 Sociological r-
Factor Location Stat. Tool r-value squared p-value Relationship
Poblacion 0.227 5.1529 0.133 Not Significant
Educational Coastal 0.29 8.41 0.053 Not Significant
Opportunities Upland -0.003 0.0009 0.986 Not Significant
Overall 0.139 1.9321 0.107 Not Significant
Health Care Poblacion 0.242 5.8564 0.109 Not Significant
And Family Coastal 0.123 1.5129 0.419 Not Significant
Planning Upland 0.26 6.76 0.084 Not Significant
Services Overall Extent 0.198 3.9204 0.021 Significant
Poblacion of 0.284 8.0656 0.059 Not Significant
Values, Customs fertility Spearman
Coastal 0.205 4.2025 0.176 Not Significant
and Cultural and Correlation
Ideals Upland Birth 0.597 35.6409 0 Significant
Overall Rates 0.335 11.2225 0 Significant
Poblacion 0.218 4.7524 0.149 Not Significant
Coastal -0.018 0.0324 0.908 Not Significant
Gender Equality
Upland 0.332 11.0224 0.026 Significant
Overall 0.166 2.7556 0.054 Not Significant
Poblacion 0.028 0.0784 0.853 Not Significant
Technological
Coastal 0.327 10.6929 0.029 Significant
Change and
Advancement Upland 0.108 1.1664 0.479 Not Significant
Overall 0.165 2.7225 0.057 Not Significant
Table 6 presents the significant relationship of sociological
factors and the extent of fertility and birth rate using
Spearman Correlation.
The table shows that in terms of the extent of fertility and
birth rates, the p-value of health care and family planning
services in all geographical locations was less than to
threshold value of 0.05 so it led to reject the null hypothesis.
It means that there was a significant relationship between
health care and family planning services and the fertility and
birth rates in overall geographical locations. The p-values
of health care and family planning services in poblacion,
coastal and upland is greater that h value of 0.05, it led to
the acceptance of the null hypothesis that there was no
significant relationship, since each terrain has an equal
access to medicines and contraceptives its significant
relation is not established but its importance has been
acknowledge as one of the aid on decrease population
growth.
The findings support the study of Ringheim, et. al., (2011)
he concluded that family planning is an underutilized, but
powerful, tool for helping countries make progress toward
the Millennium Development Goals. Providing Family
Planning together with Maternal and Child Health services
is a more effec­tive way than separate services to reach
women who need Family Planning. Through increased
uptake of family planning, more families are lifted out of
poverty, fewer mothers and children die unneces­sarily, and
more women reach their full potential for contributing to
society and the economy. With fewer children, parents can
invest more resources in each child, and improve the
health, nutrition, education levels, and living standards of
their families. And when populations grow at a slower pace,
governments can invest more in their most valuable
resource: their citizens.
It can be gleaned on the table that in terms of the extent of
fertility and birth rates, the p-values of values, customs and
cultural ideals had a greater value than the threshold value of
0.05 which led to accept the null hypothesis in poblacion and
coastal areas. On the other hand, the p-value of upland areas
is less than the threshold value of 0.05 which led to reject the
null hypothesis that there is a significant relationship between
the values, customs and cultural ideals and the extent of
fertility and birth rate. It revealed the lack of educational
support, lack of communication on sexuality, dependence in
parents, and transfer of responsibilities in their children are
some of the contributing factor in rapid population growth.
•The findings supports the study of Lemos&Crane, (2009) recommends
to involving parents and extended family members in preventing
teenage pregnancies by encouraging more open dialogue about sex
and contraception between parents and children, including children
before they become teenagers.

•The study of Francis X. Hezel, SJ (2009) is also parallel to the results

he states that children provide parents with economic security in their
old age. As average incomes and aspirations rise, parents typically
seek to have fewer children and to provide these children with more
and better education. Labor market demands and the cultural values of
higher-income communities stress education as a requisite of social
success. Therefore, as incomes rise, families tend to have fewer
children but to invest much more in the nurturing and education of each
child. However, very low-income communities, children typically
become contributors to the economic welfare of the family at a very
young age. Small children care for younger siblings, thereby releasing
their mothers to work either in the fields or in shops.
•From the data gathered, gender equality in upland areas had a
significant relationship in fertility and birth rate. As seen on the table,
the p-value (0.026) were less than the threshold value of 0.05. It also
held true on the computed value of technological change and
advancement (0.029) which were less than the tabular value of 0.05
leading to reject the null hypothesis that there is a significant
relationship between technological change and advancement and the
extent of fertility and birth rate in coastal areas.

•This means that residents of upland areas are vulnerable to face the
consequences of population growth due to low regard on gender
equality. They should give women the right to make a decision on the
number of children, girls should receive the same amount of care and
education and the government should organize gender sensitivity
seminar on the area. On the other hand residents from the coastal
areas should always guide their children in browsing the any forms of
media and using technological gadgets or devices.
•The study of Moheyuddin (2005) asserts
that an exogenous increase in girls’ access
to education creates a better environment
for economic growth and that the result is
particularly strong for middle income
countries. Thus, societies that have a
preference for not investing in girls have to
pay a price for it in terms of slower growth
and reduced income.
Consequences Sociological r- p-
Location Factor Stat. Tool r-value squared value Relationship
Poblacion 0.27 7.29 0.073 Not Significant
Economic Coastal 0.311 9.6721 0.038 Significant
Resources Upland -0.033 0.1089 0.832 Not Significant
Overall 0.184 3.3856 0.033 Significant
Poblacion 0.284 8.0656 0.058 Not Significant
Political Coastal 0.061 0.3721 0.693 Not Significant
Effects Spearman
Upland 0.306 9.3636 0.041 Significant
Correlation
Overall Educational 0.212 4.4944 0.013 Significant
Poblacion Opportunities 0.531 28.1961 0 Significant
Child
Coastal 0.018 0.0324 0.905 Not Significant
Development
and Literacy Upland 0.19 3.61 0.211 Not Significant
Overall 0.223 4.9729 0.009 Significant
Poblacion 0.141 1.9881 0.365 Not Significant
Environmental Coastal 0.118 1.3924 0.44 Not Significant
Degradation Upland 0.245 6.0025 0.105 Not Significant
Overall 0.155 2.4025 0.073 Not Significant
Sociological r- p-
Consequences
Location Factor Stat. Tool r-value squared value Relationship
Poblacion 0.172 2.9584 0.257 Not Significant
Economic Coastal 0.141 1.9881 0.356 Not Significant
Resources Upland 0.181 3.2761 0.233 Not Significant
Overall 0.172 2.9584 0.046 Significant
Poblacion 0.308 9.4864 0.04 Significant
Political Coastal 0.543 29.4849 0 Significant
Effects Upland 0.331 10.9561 0.026 Significant
Overall Spearman 0.416 17.3056 0 Significant
Health Care
Poblacion And Family Correlation 0.12 1.44 0.433 Not Significant
Child
Coastal Planning -0.061 0.3721 0.689 Not Significant
Development
and Literacy Upland Services 0.189 3.5721 0.214 Not Significant
Overall 0.104 1.0816 0.23 Not Significant
Poblacion -0.018 0.0324 0.909 Not Significant
Environmental Coastal 0.414 17.1396 0.005 Significant
Degradation Upland 0.055 0.3025 0.72 Not Significant
Overall 0.165 2.7225 0.055 Not Significant
•In order to establish a cause and effect relation or redirect the
concern on population growth, table 8 presents the significant
relationship between the consequences of fertility and birth
rate and the sociological factors in terms of educational
opportunities and health care and family planning services. In
terms of economic resources it can be seen that the p-value of
coastal areas which is 0.038 is lesser than the threshold value
of 0.05, thus rejecting the null hypothesis. There was a
significant relationship between economic resources in the
coastal areas and educational opportunities. It reveals that an
access to any forms of education can help in developing once
skills and competencies necessary to earn a living.
•The findings intensifies the result of the participatory rural
appraisals done in 16 barangays from seven towns in the
4th Congressional District of Laguna and was published in
Kalingap Journal of LSPU. The most prevalent concern
was inadequacy of livelihood opportunities which was
identified in 15 of the appraised barangays followed by
family health and malnutrition and limited capability to earn
formal education, each with eight barangays reporting. In
most developing countries, the rural areas do suffer from
several basic problems and among them rural livelihoods
have emerged as a crucial issue for the policy. Despite the
development efforts, the majority of the rural population still
endures absolute poverty (Singh, 2010). Poverty is
strongly associated with low levels of education and skills.
•On the aspect of political effects the computed p-value is
also lesser than the threshold value 0.05 in upland areas,
stating that there was a significant relationship between the
educational opportunities and political effects in the upland
areas. Therefore it implies that the political effects of
population growth in upland areas may be alleviated by
giving educational opportunities for the residents. One they
are trained and equipped with necessary knowledge and
skills they will no longer feel the isolation or negligence of
the government because they can already provide their
needs and have guts to seek help or coordinate with local
government for continuous development.
•It also shows the significant relationship between child
development and literacy and educational opportunities in
poblacion areas having a p-value of 0 establish the
significant relationship between the two. The problem in
child development and literacy in poblacion areas will be
given solution by exposing the out of school youths, street
children and even parents in educational trainings,
programs which may possibly allow them to earn a degree
or pursue higher education.

•The overall p-values in economic resources - 0.03, political

effects - 0.013 and child development and literacy - 0.009,
which are all significantly related to educational
opportunities indicates its objectivity giving a positive
change in poblacion, coastal, and upland communities.
•On the aspect of health care and family planning services, the
computed p-values of poblacion, coastal and upland which is
0.04, 0, and 0.026 is less than the alpha level of significance
indicating that there is a significant relationship between
political effects and health care and family planning services in
poblacion, coastal, and upland areas. Despite of the
inadequate support and programs given by the local
government, the availability of free medicine and
contraceptives is a mutual aid for the residents to feel that the
government cares for them.
•Lastly, environmental degradation in coastal areas due to lack
of sewage disposal facilities and water pollution can be treated
by health care programs based on the table the p-value of
coastal areas is 0.005 which is less than the alpha level of
significance, indicating a significant relationship between
environmental degradation and health care and family planning
services.
•The overall p-values of economic resources
and political effects in three geographical
terrains are also less than the alpha level of
significance. It indicates how important the
health care family planning services on the
life of the residents instead of buying
medicines or contraceptives on drug stores
they could save the money and a lot it to
other priority needs of the family.
 S-
Municipal Stat. p-
  Median valu df Difference
ity Tool value
e

Mabitac 3.8948
Extent of Friedma
Fertility and Pangil 3.8667 n's 0 2 1
Birth Rates Anova
Siniloan 3.8111
Thank You!
RODOLFO B. VALDENARRO JR.
Jhun.valdenarro@yaoo.com