Everything

MPL1203
 Early Postulates
What is everything (Matter)made of?
Greek Mythology –Fire, Air, Water, Earth

Leucippius (Born-50BCE)
Democritus (Born –460 BCE)

Postulated an indivisible form of matter

THE ATOM

Aristotle in “Metaphysics”----- The shape and existence

of all things are determined by void and atoms through
the differences in shape, position and arrangement of the
atoms and the proportion of void in the substance.
What is An Atom Made Of?
(First Approximation)

Electron(s)

Nucleus

Proton Neutron(s)
 Discovery of the Electron
1897 J.J. Thompson

1899 Charge of the Electron Measured

Electrons Missing

Target

Electrons Hitting

Target

Crookes Tube
Vacuum Tube
 Electrons, Electricity???
Electricity was
thought of as a stream,
(analogous to water
flowing as a pipe)
Now thought of as a the motion of
Discrete Particles having mass
(Electrons)
Carrying the smallest possible unit of
charge
 The Plum Pudding Model
J.J. Thompson- 1904

Electrons
(Negativly Charged)

Field
(Positively Charged)

In Today's Vernacular- The Chocolate Chip

Model
Discovery of the Nucleus
Earnest Rutherford-1911

Rutherford called it a“Central Charge

(1920 called it a Proton)
 Bohr,s Model
1913 – Atomic Model with Fixed Orbits proposed –
Modeled after the Solar System
The Atom has No
Charge Protons
Number of Protons =

Number of Electrons
Electrons
Inner Orbit Nucleus
Outer Orbit

Nucleus
 What Did Bohr’s Model
Accomplish ?
Stability
Electrical Forces balanced by Centrifugal Forces

Identity
Change in number of Protons/Electrons Changes the Element

Regeneration
Once Pulled Apart, the Atom Reforms as before
 How Big is It, (Are They)?
1 Proton ( or Neutron)----1.67 x10-24 Grams
=0.000000000000000000000001.67 Grams
1 electron-----9.1x10-28 Grams
=0.0000000000000000000000000009.1Grams

The Proton weighs 1800 x the Electron

The Atom is about 5 X 10-8 Cm

 Lets Try Analogies
If the Nucleus were the size of a Garbage Can
The Atom would be the size of LA

If an electrons weighed as much as a watermelon

The proton would weigh as much as an elephant

Conclusion; It’s mostly nothing

 Strange Things were
Happening
Sometimes the nucleus of an element weighed differently
than another nucleus of the same element

Rutherford – 1920 Postulated a Neutron Doublet

Irene and Fredrick Joliot- Curie 1932 found

radiation they thought was protons

James Chadwick Didn’t Believe It

 Discovery of the Neutron
James Chadwick - 1935

A Unique Particle, (not an electron or a proton )

Essentially the same mass as an Proton
Has no Charge
With the Proton, Makes up the Nucleus
Bohr Model of Hydrogen and Helium
 Bohr Model of
Potassium(K) and Uranium (U)
39
P19 U92
235 238
U92

19 Protons
92 Protons 92 Protons

20 Neutrons 143 Neutrons 146 Neutrons

Atomic Mass=39 Atomic Mass = 235 Atomic Mass=238
 So Little From So Much
• Marie Curie purified 10,000,000
grams of Pitchblende to get 0.1
Grams of Uranium
• Natural uranium is
• 99. 3% U238
• 0. 7% U235 (The Bomb Type)
 Problem – Not Enough 235U
How to increase the. Concentration?
Combine the Uranium(s) with Fluorine to get a gas
(Uranium Hexafluoride)
Pass the gas through a porous filter –
More 235U based gas than 238U gas gets through.
Collect it and do it again,& again & again, & again, & again------

Centrifuge the Gasses-

Heavier 238U based gas separates from lighter 235 U
based gas
Collect it and do it again,& again 7 again, & again, & again---------
Thermal Diffusion- Used Heated, Pressurized Uranium
Hexafluoride
How Big was the Job?
Oak Ridge

Pop. 75,000

$ 17 Billion
(approx $
today)
 So Much from So Little
New Term—Electron Volt (ev)A Measure of Energy

Chemical Reaction-Dynamite Releases 1 ev per Atom

Nuclear Reaction – ( The Bomb) Releases 1,000,000 ev per atom

 They like Things Orderly
How we organize these different
Elements???
      Ti=50 Zr=90 ?=180
      V=51 Nb=94 Ta=182
      Cr=52 Mo=96 W=186
      Mn=55 Rh=104,4 Pt=197,4
      Fe=56 Ru=104,4 Ir=198
Mendeleev 1869       Ni=Co=59 Pd=106,6 Os=199
H=1     Cu=63,4 Ag=108 Hg=200
  Be=9,4 Mg=24 Zn=65,2 Cd=112  
  B=11 Al=27,4 ?=68 Ur=116 Au=197?
  C=12 Si=28 ?=70 Sn=118  
  N=14 P=31 As=75 Sb=122 Bi=210?
Are there  
 
O=16
F=19
S=32
Cl=35,5
Se=79,4
Br=80
Te=128?
J=127
 
 
Common Li=7
 
Na=23
 
K=39
Ca=40
Rb=85,4
Sr=87,6
Cs=133
Ba=137
Tl=204
Pb=207

Characteristics ?  
 
 
 
?=45
?Er=56
Ce=92
La=94
 
 
 
 

??  
 
 
 
?Yt=60
?In=75,6
Di=95
Th=118?
 
 
 
 

Original Table – 63 Elements

 Periodic Table
Of The Elements
Alkali Metals Noble Gasses

Alkaline Earth Families

Trans
Uranic
The End
Just saving it