THE NEOGENE

“Evolution of the Land”

The second of three divisions of the Cenozoic
Era. The Neogene Period encompasses the
interval between 23 million and 2.6 million
years ago and includes the Miocene (23 million
to 5.3 million years ago) and the Pliocene (5.3
million to 2.6 million years ago) epochs.
 Docite

kertophyre

Spilites
Diorites Graywacke Shales
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During this period of vulcanic upheavals,
basaltic rocks flooded large areas of the
archipelago and extrusion of rocks brought
forth greenish spilites and submarine rocks
found in the Luzon Cordilleras as well as in
the Sierva Madre and Zambales ranges.
Forth Greenish spilites

Submarine rocks
Ultramafic Rocks
- Ultramafic Rocks Terrain indicates a “large uplift” or exposure of
rocks formed in the Earth’s Oceanic mantle just as the metamorphic
terrain suggest the existence of ancient mountains before they were
affected by the vulcanic changes.
MINDORO AND PALAWAN
 Mammals dominated the period and tectonics events brought
climate changes, inducing development of intelligence and agility of
pre-human forms. Mountain –building continued and diastrophism in
the Oligocene broke up the “ancient sea” called “thetys” which
girdled Eurasia and Africa and cut off land bridges which later were
restored during the Pliocene .
The advance and retreat of the glaciers, which were caused by solar heat
variation, vulcanic activity, crust shifting , and wobbling of the Earth’s
axis , offered hospitable conditions for the diversification of life forms.
NEOGENE PERIOD
THE QUARTERNARY
( 2million-10,000 years)
 Quite clearly, long before man appeared on the
archipelago as a new evolved from the primate
according to the scientific view, the Pleistocene
epoch had already added to an ideal habitat more
of the resources and varieties of life necessary not
only for the survival of man but also for that more
important dimensions of his development called
“Culture”.