REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISIMS

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IDENTICAL COPY OF PARENT(CLONE)

OCCURRENCE
MAINLY AMONG SINGLE CALLED ORGANISMS(PROTISTA AND MONERA)
ALSO IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE ORGANISATION.
TYPES:
 (1).BINARY FISSION
(2)BUDDING:-
(3)ZOOSPORES - MICROSCOPIC MOTILE STRUCTURE
FOUND IN FUNJI
(4) CONIDIA -PENICILLIUM
(5)BUDS OF HYDRA
(6) GEMMULES SPONGE:-
VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS
(1)RUNNER
(2)SUCKER
(3) OFFSET – Water Hyacinth –Terror of Bengal
(4) TUBER – MODIFIED STEM FOR STORAGE

EYES
(5) RHIZOME
(6) BULB – STORAGE LEAVES
(7) ADVENTITIOUS BUDS OF BRYOPHYLLUM
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
FORMATION OF MALE AND FEMALE GAMETS
COMMON FEATURES EXHIBITED BY ALL ORGANISMS
(1)JUVENILE/ VEGETATIVE PHASE:
ALL ORGANISMS REACH A STAGE OF GROWTH AND MATURITY BEFORE COMENCING SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION.
END OF THIS STAGE IS MARKED BY FLOWERING IN PLANTS.
 
(2).REPRODUCTIVE PHASE:

(I) BAMBOO FLOWERS ONCE IN LIFE TIME.

(II)STROBILANTHUS KUNTHIANA FLOWERS IN 12 YEARS.
(III)BIRDS LAYS EGG SEASONALLY.

ANIMALS:
(1) SEASONAL BREEDERS.
(2) CONTINUOUS BREEDERS.

PLACENTAL ANIMALS:
MENSTRUAL CYCLE(CYCLICAL CHANGES IN ACTIVITY OF OVARY AND HARMONES)

NON-PLACENTAL ANIMALS:
OESTROUS CYCLE.
FLOWERING BAMBOO BLOOMING STROBILANTHUS
(3) SENESCENCE:

END OF REPRODUCTIVE PHASE MARKS THE BEGINNING OF THIS PHASE.

COMMON PHASE EXHIBITED DURING SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
(I) GAMETOGENESIS: - FORMATION OF MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES
MAY BE –
(1) ISOGAMETES – HOMOGAMETES

(2) HETEROGAMETES - DISSIMILAR GAMETES

MALE- ANTHEROZOID/SPERMS
FEMALE -EGG/OVUM

ISOGAMY

ANISOGAMY
 PLANTS
BISEXUAL/ HOMOTHALLIC
/MONOECIOUS UNISEXUAL/ HETEROTHALLIC/ DIOECIOUS-

BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES IN

REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES IN DIFFERENT PLANTS. Ex CUCURBITS AND COCONUTS
SAME PLANTS .
STAMINATE:-UNISEXUAL MALE FLOWER
PISTILATE:- FEMALE FLOWER
MALE FLOWER FEMALE FLOWER
HERMAPHRODITES:

ANIMALS HAVING BOTH MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.

Ex -EARTHWORM, LEECHES.

,
 MEIOCYTES:
GAMETE MOTHER CELLS ( 2n)
WHICH WHICH UNDERGOES
MEIOSIS TO PRODUCE
HAPLOID (n) GAMETES
(II) GAMETES TRANSFER:
MAJORITY CASES MALE MOTILE FEMALE NON-MOTILE.
EXCEPTION-ALGAE.
MEDIUM-WATER,AIR,ETC.
TO COMPENSABLE LOSS OF MALE GAMETES DURING TRANSFER THEY ARE FORMED IN HIGHER AMOUNTS

POLLINATION:-
TRANSFER OF POLLENS TO THE STIGMA DURING CROSS POLLINATION.
“
(III) FERTILIZATION / SYNGAMY

FORMATION OF ZYGOTE

PARTHENOGENESIS:

”
FEMALE GAMETES DEVELOP DIRECTLY INTO A NEW ORGANISMS WITHOUT
FERTILIZATION.HONEYBEE,LIZARDS,ETC.
 EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION: INTERNAL FERTILIZATION:
 FERTILIZATION OUTSIDE THE FEMALE  FERTILIZATION WITHIN THE FEMALE BODY.
BODY.
 EMBRYO GETS PROTECTION OF MOTHER
  DISADVANTAGES:-GAMETES
LOST,EMBRYO VULNERABLE.
POST FERTILIZATION CHANGES:

ZYGOTE DEVELOPS A THICK WALL IN CASE OF EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION.

UNDERGOES A PERIOD OF REST BEFORE GERMINATION.

DIPLONTIC (2N) ----------- FURTHER DEVELOPMENT BY MITOSIS.

HAPLONTIC (N) ------------ DIPLOID ZYGOTE UNDERGOES MEIOSIS TO PRODUCE HAPLOID (N) MEIOSPORES
WHICH DEVELOP INTO A NEW ORGANISMS.
DIPLONTIC
LIFE CYCE
EMBRYOGENESIS:

PR0CESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MULTICELLULAR EMBRYO.

INCREASE IN CELL NUMBER AND CELL DIFERENTIATION.
OVIPAROUS: VIVIPAROUS:

 LAY EGGS, BIRDS.  GIVES BIRTH TO YOUNG ONES