1.

In your own words define what is

HUB, SWITCH and ROUTER.

2. Explain briefly the difference

between HUB and SWITCH.

3. Choose between two devices HUB or

SWITCH, which you preferred? Why?
INTERNET
 Internet-sometimes called simply "the Net,"
is a worldwide system of computer networks .

A network of networks in which users at any

one computer can, (if they have permission),
get information from any other computer (and
sometimes talk directly to users at other
computers).

It was conceived by the Advanced Research

Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government
in 1969 and was first known as the Arpanet.
The Evolution of the Internet

The procedures by which computers

communicate with each other are called
"protocols."

While this infrastructure is steadily evolving to

include new capabilities, the protocols initially
used by the Internet are called the "TCP/IP"
protocols, named after the two protocols that
formed the principal basis for Internet operation.
 The original aim was to create a network that
would allow users of a research computer at one
university to be able to "talk to" research
computers at other universities.

A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that,

messages could be routed or rerouted in more
than one direction, the network could continue to
function even if parts of it were destroyed in the
event of a military attack or other disaster.
 Internet" refers to the global information system
that….
- is logically linked together by a globally unique address
space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its
subsequent extensions.

- is able to support communications using the

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
suite or its subsequent extensions/follow and/or other IP-
compatible protocols; and
- provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or
privately, high level services layered on the
communications and related infrastructure described
herein."
 The most widely used part of the Internet is
the World Wide Web (often abbreviated
"WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding
feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-
referencing.

The WWW is the Brainchild of Tim Berners

Lee a CERN (European Laboratory for Particle
Physics) engineer, who had the idea of creating
an electronic web of research information.
During the 1980’s he developed a programming
language called Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) on which the web is based.
Internet Addressing
Internet addressing is a systematic way to identify people,
computers and Internet resources. On the Internet, the term
“address” is used loosely. Address can mean many different things
from an electronic mail address to a URL.

What is URL?
-URL (Uniform Resource Locator)- identifies a particular Internet
resource. URL’s represent a standardized addressing scheme for
internet resources, and help the users to locate these resources by
indicating exactly where they are.
URL consists of letters, numbers, and punctuation. The basic
structure of a URL is hierarchical, and the hierarchy moves from left
to right.
Example: http://www.yahoo.com/peter/index.html
Domain Name

A domain name is a way to identify and locate

computers connected to the internet. No two
organizations can have the same domain name.

A domain name always contains two or more

components separated by periods, called “dots”.
The last portion of the domain name is the top-
level domain name and describes the type of
organization holding that name.
DNS developed seven generic "top level" domains, as
follows:

com - commercial sites

edu - educational institutions
net - organizations directly involved in the internet
operations
org - miscellaneous organizations that don’t fit any other
category, such as non-profit groups
gov - United States Federal Government entities
mil - United States Military
Country codes- a two letter abbrevation for a particular
country. Example: “in” India, “fr” france etc.
IP Address
An IP (Internet Protocol ) address is an identifier for a
particular machine on a particular network; it is part of
scheme to identify computers on the Internet. IP
addresses are also referred to as IP numbers and Internet
addresses.

IP address consists of four sections separated by

periods. Each section contains a number ranging from 0 to
255.

Example: 192.168.24.2
The IP addresses have the following characteristics in
common:

 IP addresses are unique.

No two machines can have the same IP number.

IP addresses are also global and standardized.

All machines connect to the internet agree to use the

same scheme for establishing an address.
The End