Geotectonics of Indonesia Overview

GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN
”GEOEXPO 2005 - A HALF-DAY COURSE”

BANDUNG, 19 MARCH 2005
Geotectonics of Indonesia :
An Overview and New Considerations
Awang H. Satyana
BADAN PELAKSANA KEGIATAN USAHA HULU MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI

Awang Harun Satyana
Contents
 Re-visiting plate tectonics theory
 Regional plate tectonic setting of Indonesia
 Geotectonics of Western Indonesia : an Overview
 Geotectonics of Eastern Indonesia : an Overview
 Some New Considerations
Contents

van Bemmelen (1977)
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Revolution in Earth Science
1. continental drift (Wegener, 1912)
2. convection current of mantle (Holmes, 1931)
3. sea-floor mapping (Heezen, Tharp, Ewing, 1959-1965)
4. sea-floor spreading (Dietz, Hess, 1961-1962)
5. symmetric magnetic stripping across mid-oceanic ridge
(Vine and Matthews, 1963)
6. transform fault (Wilson, 1965)
7. global seismic zones (Lynn and Sykes, 1968)
8. global mountain belts (Dewey and Bird, 1970)
9. New Global Tectonic - Plate Tectonic Theory (late 1967-
early 1970)

Alfred Wegener (1912) : drifting continent
Miller (1983)

Alfred Wegener 1915’s
reconstruction of Pangaea
supercontinent
Alfred Wegener 1915’s SiAl

continents float on SiMa denser
rocks like a raft
Miller (1983)

Arthur Holmes (1931) : mantle convection current as mechanism for
drifting continent
Miller
(1983)
Bruce Heezen and Mary Tharp (1959-1965) : sea-floor mapping
Matthews (1973)
Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen 1960s’ seafloor map : first to depict the
awesome scale of the 65,000 – km length Mid-Ocean Ridge system
Skinner et al. (2004)

Robert Dietz (1961) :
continent and ocean basin
evolution by spreading of
the sea-floor
Matthews (1973)

Harry Hess (1962) : the
origin of ocean basin by sea-
floor spreading
Cox (1973)
Fred Vine (1963) : magnetic
anomalies over oceanic
ridges
Matthews (1973)

symmetric magnetic anomaly pattern
across the MOR : clue to a sea-floor
spreading
Press and Siever (1998) How the symmetric magnetic anomaly pattern formed
Vine and Matthews (1963) : hard evidence at sea of the presence of sea-floor
spreading : symmetric magnetic stripping across the MOR
Tuzo Wilson (1963, 1965) :
hot spots of the Hawaiian
Islands and a new class of
faults (transform faults)
Matthews (1973)

Allan Cox (1960s) : Earth’s
paleomagnetism and
geomagnetic reversals
Cox (1973)

Peter W. Sloss, NOAA-NESDIS-NGDC
Age of seafloor crust
Press and Siever (1998)
sea-floor map
map of lithospheric
plates

Sections of the Earth Skinner et al. (2004)

Driving force for plate movement : mantle convection current

Plate Tectonics Theory
• Plate tectonic theory is a revolution in geo-
science. It has brought about a sweeping
change in our understanding of the Earth.
• Plate tectonic theory provides almost all of
explanations to geological inquiries.
• Plate tectonic theory is important for
science, economics, and survival of
human from disasters.

• Lithosphere was broken into large and small
plates.
• The plates are composed of continental or
oceanic crust or a combination of both.
• The plates move around the globe by
convection currents within the asthenosphere.
• Plate Tectonic Theory deals with this
movement and all related geological
implications.

Computer-generated, colour-shaded relief map of Earth, showing plate
boundaries. The image is generated from a digital data base of land and
seafloor elevations.

Relative velocities (in cm/year) and directions of plate separation and
convergence

Searle (2000)
Three kinds of plate movement
• The plates move in three kinds of
movement :
– convergence (two plates come together),
– divergence (two plates move apart),
– transform (two plates slide past one
another).

Plate margins :
• There are three types of plate margins :
– destructive (plates collision, plate subduction,
destroying, convergent movement),
– constructive (new ocean floor is
accumulated/adding at MOR – mid oceanic
ridge – where two plates move away, divergent
movement),
– conservative (no adding or destroying of crust,
transform fault).

Searle (2000)
Several plates and the boundaries between them as they exist today
CONVERGENT (COLLISION)
CONVERGENT (SUBDUCTION)
TRANSFORM FAULT
DIVERGENT
Plates of the lithosphere and their kinds of margins

TRANSFORM FAULT
CONVERGENT (SUBDUCTION)
DIVERGENT
Plates of the lithosphere and their kinds of margins

Divergent Boundary : (a) sea-floor spreading, (b) continental rifting

Convergent Boundaries : (a) oceanic vs continent,
(b) oceanic vs oceanic, (c) continent vs continent

Convergent
Boundary :
continent to
continent collision

Transform Boundary : where plates slide past each other

Dickinson (1971)

Petro-Tectonic Assemblages
• Petro-tectonic assemblages are rock
associations that signal particular plate
tectonic regimes.
• Reconstruction of plate tectonic evolution is
based on petro-tectonic assemblages.
• Petro-tectonic assemblages include ophiolite
sequence, mélange, metamorphic, magmatic
rocks, and sedimentary rocks.

Rock assemblages associated with ocean-continent plate subduction

Rock assemblages associated with ocean-ocean plate subduction

Answer for many problems
• Many of the major Earth’s structures can
be explained by Plate Tectonic Theory :
– mountain ranges of the continents
– island arcs
– trenches
– mid-oceanic ridges

Answer for many problems
• Plate Tectonic Theory also explains :

– distribution of earthquake epicenters
– distribution of volcanoes
– old-aged continents
– young-aged oceanic crusts
– concentration of valuable minerals
– concentrations of petroleum basins

Plate tectonic setting of earthquake epicenters with magnitude > 5.0
Plate tectonic setting of volcanoes

Plate tectonic setting of volcanic activity

Plate-margin dynamics and petroleum generation
Thompson (1976)
Oil and gas accumulations at convergent margins of
Pacific and Indian Oceans
Thompson (1976)
Oil and gas accumulations at convergent margins in SE Asia
Thompson (1976)
Rifts and petroleum accumulations in Africa, Europa, and North Atlantic
Thompson (1976)
Current Development of
• Terrane concept
• Reconstruction of continents
• Use of GPS to validate plate movement
• Mantle dynamics (plume tectonics)

The North American
cratons and associated
orogens
craton = a core of ancient rock

in the continental crust that
has attained tectonic and
isostatic stability.
crogens = elongate regions of

the crust that have been
intensively folded, faulted, and
thickened as a result of
continental collisions.

terrane = a large piece of crust
with a distinctive geological
character.
accretion = the process by

which solid bodies gather
together to form a continent.
accreted terrane continental

margin = continental margin
modified by the addition of
island arcs and other rafted-in,
exotic fragments of crust.

Rodinia Supercontinent
(2200 Ma)
Siberia
Baltica
Amazon
Congo
Dineley (2000)
Pannotia Supercontinent
(2000 Ma)
Dineley (2000)
Late Proterozoic (650 Ma)
Scotese (2000)

Cambrian (514 Ma)
Scotese (2000)

Late Ordovician (458 Ma)
Scotese (2000)

Early Carboniferous (356 Ma)
Scotese (2000)

Late Permian (258 Ma)
Scotese (2000)

Early Jurassic (195 Ma)
Scotese (2000)

Eocene (50 Ma)
Scotese (2000)

Modern World (0 Ma)
Scotese (2000)

Predictions of present-day plate motion and velocities

Surface motions of the plates based on continuous GPS measurements

Surface motions of North America based on continuous GPS measurements
Plume Tectonics (Mantle Dynamics)
• Mantle plume is mantle materials originating deep in the

Earth and circulated through mantle convection and
intrinsically effect the plate’s geology.
• Upwelling mantle materials (superplume) cause creation
of MOR, downwelling plumes cause subduction.
• Understanding mantle dynamics requires detailed
knowledge about the structure and composition of the
Earth’s deep interior.

Mantle plume dynamics
Three tectonic domains on Earth realms (the whole Earth’s tectonics) :
plate tectonics, plume tectonics, and growth tectonics Maruyama et al. (2004)

Material circulation of the Earth : super-upwellings and super downwellings
Fukao et al. (2004)

The Wilson-cycle
explained by plume
tectonics
Maruyama et al. (2004)

Computer simulation of convection in an idealized Earth mantle

Computer simulation of mantle convection with stiff plates

van Bemmelen (1972)’s principle for material distribution in whole Earth
van Bemmelen (1977)

van Bemmelen (1977)

van Bemmelen (1977)

Contents

Indonesia on the Globe www.randmcnally.com
Indonesia
modified from Press and Siever (1998)
Indonesia : a meeting place of the major plates

Sukamto (2000)

Hall (1997)
Present Tectonic Configuration of Indonesia
Sukamto (2000)

Barber (1985)

Simandjuntak & Barber (1996)
Basement geology and structural setting of Southeast Asia

Sunda Land
Wallacea
Sahul Land
Indonesia : meeting place of plates

Tectonic Theories of the Indonesia Region :
Milestones
• Vening-Meinesz (1930) and Kuenen (1936) : buckling

hypothesis
• van Bemmelen (1933, 1949) : undation theory
• Bijlaard (1935) : plastic deformation hypothesis
• Umbgrove (1949) : pulse of earth
• Westerveld (1952) : orogens and mineral provinces
• Hamilton (1970, 1979) and Katili (1971, 1980) : plate
tectonic theory
• Since 1980s : SE Asia Research Group, University of
London (plate tectonic theory)

Reinout Willem van
Bemmelen (1904-1983) :
the geology of Indonesia

John Ario Katili (early
1970s) : the application
of plate tectonics to
Indonesia region

Katili (1973)

Hamilton (1979)
Terranes
and sutures
of SE Asia
Metcalfe (1996)
Sukamto (2000)

The Making of Indonesia
Hall (1995)
Sukamto (2000)

Sukamto (2000)

Katili (1975)

Katili (1975)

Katili (1975)

Katili (1975)

Katili (1975)

Katili (1975)

Katili (1975)

Katili (1974)

Matthews (1973)

Indonesia : distribution of earthquake epicenters

Sukamto (2000)

Indonesia : sleeping with volcanic eruptions …
from Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Program (www.volcano.si.edu/gvp)

Hardy et al. (1997)
Sedimentary basins of the Indonesian region

Katili (1974)

Contents

Part 1 : Western Indonesia
Western Indonesia
Koesoemadinata & Pulunggono (1971)
Tectonic setting of West Indonesia AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Hamilton (1979)

Tappoinier et al. (1982)

Katili (1973)

Katili (1973)

Katili (1973)

Plate tectonic
sections across
Western Indonesia
Katili (1981)
Tectonic setting of
Sumatra
Simandjuntak and Barber (1996)

Katili (1975)

Geodynamic
framework of
Sumatra
subduction
Malod and Kemal (1996)

McCourt et al. (1974)

Pulunggono and Cameron (1986)

Hamilton (1979)
Hamilton (1979)
VERTICAL EXAGGERETAION : 25 X
Hamilton (1979)
Tectonic setting of Java and Nusa Tenggara
Katili (1975)

MAGMATIC
ARC
Hamilton (1979)
Seismic reflection profile across the

subduction zone of the Java Trench, outer-
arc ridge and basin
Hamilton (1979)
Tectonic setting of
offshore SW Java
and SE Sumatra
Malod and Kemal (1996)

TRENCH

subduction zone of the Java Trench,
showing the development of the accretionary
prism
Hamilton (1979)
Karig and Sharman (1973)
Hamilton (1979)
Soeria-Atmadja et al. (1994)

Katili (1973)

Tectonic setting of Kalimantan
Satyana et al. (1999)
Kalimantan-Sulawesi wrench tectonic “freeway”
Baillie et al. (2004)
Hemmes et al. (2001)
S N
CONTINENTAL ACCRETED CRUST
ACCRETED CRUST CORE
KALIMANTAN SOUTH CHINA SEA

INDIAN OCEAN JAVA
EAST JAVA BASIN MELAWI KETUNGAU NW BORNEO
KARIMUNJAWA BASIN BASIN BASIN
BAWEAN MURIAH ARC NATUNA
VOLC ARC ARC TROUGH
Moho
Top Mantle
La
Te
te Astenosphere
Cr
rt
e ta
ia
ry
ce
ou
s
Tertiary Subduction Related Melange Continental Crust

and Metamorphosed Sediments
Melange Mesozoic Indurated and/or

Metasediments Section
Tertiary Volcanoes and Potentially Prospective Pre-Tertiary

Volcaniclastic Section
Granite Pluton Intermediate Crust of South China

Sea
S - N cross section of SE Sundaland

Daly et al. (1991)
W E
Schwaner Core
Pembuang Meratus Range Pulau Laut Range Paternoster Platform Makassar
Basin Strait
Barito Basin Asem-Asem Basin South Makassar Basin
Schwaner Micro-Continent Obducted Ophilites

Paternoster Micro-Continent
W E
Barito Meratus Pasir South Makassar Basin Majene
Paternoster Platform
Basin Range Basin Fold & Thrust
Belt
Paternoster Micro-Continent
Obducted Ophilite ?
Late Miocene – Quaternary

KALIMANTAN
Early Miocene – Middle Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene Attenuated Continental Crust

SULAWESI by Makassar Strait Rifting
Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust
W - E cross section of SE Sundaland
Hamilton (1979)
Hamilton (1979)
Contents

Part 2 : Eastern Indonesia
Eastern Indonesia
Eastern Indonesia, NW Shelf of Australia & Papua New

Guinea
Tectonic setting of Eastern Indonesia
Netherwood (2000)
Continental terranes of
Eastern Indonesia and
consideration of their
provenances based on Nd
and Pb isotope ratios
Vroon et al. (1996)

Tectonic setting of
Sulawesi

Hamilton (1979)
Kalimantan-Sulawesi wrench tectonic “freeway”
Hamilton (1979)
Hamilton (1979)
Tectonic setting of
Sangir - Talaud

Tectonic setting of Halmahera Baker and Malaihollo (1996)

Hamilton (1979)
Tectonic setting of Papua

Tectonic setting of the Banda Arc

Barber et al. (2003)
Seismic section crossing NW Shelf of Australia to Banda Arc

Hamilton (1979)
Hamilton (1979)
Banda arcs and associated Weber Basin
Hamilton (1979)
Seismic reflection
profile across the
south and north
Banda arcs
Hamilton (1979)
Hamilton (1979)
Contents

Awang Harun Satyana
Some New Considerations

• Accretion and Dispersion of the Sundaland
• Structural Indentation of Central Java
• Origin of the RMKS Fault Zone
• Reversal and Wrench Tectonism of the Salawati Basin
INDONESIAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOLOGISTS (IAGI)
INDONESIAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOPHYSICISTS (HAGI)
JOINT CONVENTION OF THE 32ND IAGI AND THE 28TH HAGI ANNUAL CONVENTIONS
( JAKARTA 15 – 17 DECEMBER 2003 )
Accretion and Dispersion of

Southeast Sundaland : the Growing
and Slivering of a Continent
Awang H. Satyana
(Indonesia’s Implementing Body for Upstream Oil and Gas Businesses)
Sundaland
Rand McNally & Co. (2000)

Life of a Continent :
Accretion
Dispersion
Accretion
Dispersion
and so forth …
Phanerozoic plate
reconstruction
Collins (2003)
Terrane ? Accretion ? Dispersion ?
• Terrane = a fault-bounded package of rocks of regional extent

characterized by a geologic history which differs from that of
neighboring blocks.
• Terrane Accretion = the collision and welding of a terrane (either

composite/amalgamated terranes or individual) to the continent.
• Subduction Accretion = the off-scraping of unconsolidated pelagic

or trench deposits during subduction in continental margin.
• Dispersion = the post-accretion fragmentation of terranes

Howell et al. (1985)
BACK-ARC BASIN
ACTIVE
VOLCANIC TRENCH
REMNANT
ARC FRONTAL
TRANSIT VOLCANIC ACCRETIONARY
CONTINENTAL ZONE
IONAL RIDGE PRISM OCEANIC CRUST
CRUST CRUST LAYER II
KM
0
10
I II
ER
20 AY
TL
US
CR
30 NI C
EA
OC
40
0
E
50
ER O R E
PH HE
60 S OH P
70 I THO M HO
S
L LI T
80
90
100
E RE
110
S PH
120 E NO
TH
130 AS
140
150
SEDIMENTS
Active margin and the formation of a
ACCRETIONARY PRISM
backarc basin
CONTINENTAL CRUST
INTERMEDIATE CRUST
modified from Bally and Oldow (1984)
A
SEDIMENTS
CONTINENTAL CRUST
OCEANIC CRUST
MANTLE
C
D
Schematic sequence of sections illustrating the collision of two
continents modified from Dewey and Bird (1970) and Bally and Oldow (1984)
Original SE
Sundaland
Accreted SE
Sundaland
Original and Accreted SE Sundaland

Sulawesi Sea
Kalimantan
rait
Schwaner Mts. Meratus
r St
Sulawesi
assa
Mak
Banda
Barr Sea
u
Bantimala
Java Sea Biru
Paternoster
East Java Sea

Java Luk Ulo
Flores Sea Flores Sea Islands
Ciletuh
Bayat
Lesser Sunda
Islands
Indian Ocean
Sumba
Accreted SE Sundaland discussed in detail (box areas)

Meratus Ciletuh Luk Ulo Bayat Bantimala Flores Sea
Complex Complex Complex Complex Complex Islands
rhyolite
?metamorphics ?metamorphics
schist & phyllite
greywacke
turbidite
melang ultramafics
Late
pillow marbl
e
lava e turbidite
gabbro
Cretaceous
limestone cher
schist, phyllite,
ultramafics meta-gabbro t
cher
schist t schist breccia
Early
schist
cher pillow lava schist
t
ultramafics ultramafics
Jurassic
schist
ultramafics
Paremba
sandstones
Stratigraphy of Cretaceous accretionary complexes of SE Sundaland

Accretion History of the Sundaland :
Main Episodes
• Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (220-200 Ma) : Rifting and

Drifting of the Schwaner Block
• Latest Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (150-120 Ma) : Beginning of

Accretion
• Upper Early Cretaceous / Middle Cretaceous (120-100 Ma) :

Collision of Micro-Continents to the Sundaland
• Late Cretaceous-Earliest Tertiary (100-60 Ma) : Forward

Accretion
Tectonic
reconstruction of
Eastern
Gondwanaland :
Cambrium to Late
Devonian
Metcalfe (1996)
Tectonic
reconstruction of
Tethyan Region :
Carboniferous to
Late Triassic
Metcalfe (1996)
Tectonic
reconstruction of
Eastern Tethyan
Region : Late
Jurassic to Late
Cretaceous
Metcalfe (1996)
110ºE 115ºE
N Paleo-tectonic
500 KM
reconstruction
“distal” granite
proto-South China Sea of SE
Sundaland and
its accreted
Sc Core
crust during the
hw
0º
an
Cretaceous
er
Cre
tace collision & ophiolite
o us Meratus
Isla
nd obduction
Arc
Mangkalihat
in
Early
Cr etace rc bas
ous t e-a
5ºS rench for
Sumb
a
Pompangeo
Late Cre Paternoster

Meso-Tethys Ocean taceous
trench
(consumed)
Alino Arc
Ceno-Tethys Ocean
East Malaya Block
SW Borneo Block Gondwanan micro-continents
accreted crust sites of subduction “fossil”
Dispersion History of the Sundaland :
Main Episodes
• Dispersion of SW Arm of Sulawesi (Makassar Strait

Opening)
• Rifting of East Java Basement
• Dispersion of Flores Sea Island
• Dispersion of Sumba Island

Extension
Dispersal of Western
Sulawesi by opening of
the Makassar Strait since
middle Eocene (45 Ma)
32 - 30 MA
45 - 40 MA
LATE OLIGOCENE
EARLY EOCENE
11 cm/yr
6 cm/yr
10 - 7 MA
20 - 18 MA
LATE MIOCENE
EARLY MIOCENE
6 cm/yr
6 cm/yr
volcano magmatic belt subduction zone
transform fault opening plate movement Reconstruction is modified from Soeria-Atmadja et al. (1998)
Reconstruction of Dispersal of SE Sundaland

Paternoster-Kangean
micro-continent Flores Sea
Islands terrane
Sumba micro-
continent
Present Subduction Zone
Dispersed masses of SE Sundaland

S N
CONTINENTAL ACCRETED CRUST
ACCRETED CRUST CORE
KALIMANTAN SOUTH CHINA SEA

INDIAN OCEAN JAVA
EAST JAVA BASIN MELAWI KETUNGAU NW BORNEO
KARIMUNJAWA BASIN BASIN BASIN
BAWEAN MURIAH ARC NATUNA
VOLC ARC ARC TROUGH
Moho
Top Mantle
La
Te
te Astenosphere
Cr
rt
e ta
ia
ry
ce
ou
s
Tertiary Subduction Related Melange Continental Crust

and Metamorphosed Sediments
Melange Mesozoic Indurated and/or

Metasediments Section
Tertiary Volcanoes and Potentially Prospective Pre-Tertiary

Volcaniclastic Section
Granite Pluton Intermediate Crust of South China

Sea
S - N cross section of SE Sundaland

Conclusions :
1. Continental Sundaland is constructed of a
number of terranes or micro-plates originating
from the northern Gondwanaland which rifted,
drifted, and amalgamated in the Late Paleozoic
and Mesozoic. SE Sundaland then grew outward
through terrane and subduction accretion and
diminuted through slivering of acrreted crustal
masses.
Conclusions :
2. Accreted crustal mass of SE Sundaland includes :
oceanic Meratus, continental Paternoster, Ciletuh-
Luk Ulo-Bayat subduction complex, Bantimala-
Barru-Biru subduction complex, Flores Sea Islands,
and continental Sumba Island. These crustal mass
accreted the “original” SE Sundaland (Schwaner
Core) during 150-60 Ma (Late Jurassic-earliest
Tertiary).
Conclusions :
3. Tectonic escape due to India-Eurasia collision,
marginal basin spreading of SW Pacific areas, and
sea-floor spreading of the Sulawesi Sea, which all
began at around 50 Ma (Middle Eocene) are
considered to have responsibilities for dispersion of
some accreted SE Sundaland crustal masses. The
dispersed masses include : SW Sulawesi through
opening of the Makassar Strait, Flores Sea Islands,
and Sumba Island. This slivering has also caused the
segmentation of the East Java Sea basement.
Conclusions :
4. Growth and shaping of continents may be

viewed as a result of both terrane accretion
and terrane dispersion. While the accretion
of terranes results in continental growth or
outbuilding, the dispersion of terranes
results in the diminution of continents.
IKATAN AHLI GEOLOGI INDONESIA PENGDA YOGYAKARTA – JAWA TENGAH
“SUMBERDAYA GEOLOGI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA DAN JAWA TENGAH”
ISSN : 979-8918-32-X
Lekukan Struktur Jawa Tengah :

Suatu Segmentasi Sesar Mendatar
Awang H. Satyana 1)
Margaretha E.M. Purwaningsih 2)
1) BADAN PELAKSANA KEGIATAN USAHA HULU MIGAS

2) DEPARTEMEN GEOLOGO, INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
E
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ik
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No
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AHS & RT / mar 02
Structural analysis of Central Java based on strain ellipsoid of Muria-Kebumen and

Pamanukan-Cilacap Wrench Faults
to
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at
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an
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Fa
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t
ntains 80
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area with maximum uplift of
11 me n
Low2000 meters
isostatic crustal subsidence Eastern Southern Moun
tains of East Ja
N Western Karangbolong
Deep High
Deep va
southern indentation
200 KMS
fold and faults 80 Bouguer anomaly (mgal)
AHS & RT / mar 02
Regional structure and isostatic gravity of Central Java

Sumatra Trend dominates Meratus Trend dominates
Su
ma
tra
Fa
ult Central Sumatra r
Barisan Mts. ys S
hea
Le a s
Kalimantan
te m
S m
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South Sumatra
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em Ogan-Lampung High
ste
Belitung
c
?
tio
at
m
an n e
nz
g
Fa zo
on
Bengkulu ul n
Sunda io
e
t
ct
NW Java
bdu
su
N. Central Java NE Java ue
Late liq
Cret
ac ob
N eous
subd
uctio
n zone
Java
S. Central Java present subduction

zone
500 KMS
Triangle Zones : zone of tectonic-locked uplift
sedimentary basins area and zone of isostatic/rebound tectonic-
vector slip of subduction released subsiding area
AHS & RT / mar02
Central Java at central position of the tectonic framework of West Indonesia

Kesimpulan
 Berdasarkan data gayaberat, geologi permukaan, citra

satelit, seismik, dan didukung oleh analisis struktur dan
tektonik regional, maka diidentifikasi dua buah sesar
mendatar besar yang memotong Pulau Jawa di bagian
tengah :
• Sesar Mendatar Muria-Kebumen (BD-TL, arah Meratus,
sinistral),
• Sesar Mendatar Pamanukan-Cilacap (BL-Tenggara, arah
Sumatra, dekstral).
Kedua sesar saling berpotongan di selatan Jawa Tengah.
Kesimpulan
 Dalam pergerakannya sepanjang periode orogenesis Tersier, kedua sesar
tersebut telah menyebabkan gejala-gejala geotektonik yang berhubungan
dengan kompensasi isostatik kerakbumi :
• lekukan/indentasi struktur garispantai utara dan selatan Jawa Tengah,

• penyingkapan kompleks batuan tua melange Luk Ulo melalui mekanisme
pembubungan maksimum,
• pengangkatan beberapa sektor kerakbumi di bagian selatan Jawa Tengah,
• penenggelaman bagian utara Jawa Tengah,
• penenggelaman jalur fisiografi Pegunungan Selatan di bagian selatan Jawa
Tengah, dan
• pembentukan Cekungan Jawa Tengah Selatan.
INDONESIAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOLOGISTS (IAGI)
THE 33
RD
ANNUAL CONVENTION, BANDUNG 29 NOVEMBER – 1 DECEMBER 2004
Rembang-Madura-Kangean-Sakala (RMKS) Fault Zone,

East Java Basin : the Origin and Nature of a Geologic Border
Awang H. Satyana 1)
Edward Erwanto 1)
C. Prasetyadi 2)
1) BADAN PELAKSANA KEGIATAN USAHA HULU MIGAS

2) UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL, YOGYAKARTA
study area
Rembang-Madura-Kangean-Sakala (RMKS) Fault Zone
Rembang Madura Kangean Sakala
Location of the study area

95º E 100º 105º 110º 115º 120º
15º N
MERGUI
10º MICROPLATE
EAST MALAYA
MICROPLATE
5º
PATERNOSTER -
KANGEAN
MICROPLATE
0º
SCHWANER
CORE
MALACCA
MICROPLATE
5º S
site of future RMKS
500 KMS transitional / intermediate crust of Java Fault Zone
Microplates and basement of the Sundaland

111º E 113º E 115º E H
H
HIG
UG
O
MB
LE
O
LANDMASS SA
TR
MA
E
NC
CH
RE
AR
O
G H
A
FL
E OU
AW DG TR
U NJ RI MB
O
RIM Lan -1 SA
LE 50 KM
KA H d - a JS MA
UG
6º S T RO ttac
RIA
H hed
MU CH pla
AR Camar tfor
EA
N ms M
AW H OR
B UG Payang A TF
RO
P
NORTH MADURA PLATFORM GH P L
E
NT OU
DE
U
W EA Bukit Tua-Jenggolo TR AR
/BA SIB
L
KE
40 -5
RA
N JS
BA KE 23
NT
TU KE 30
ge
CE
Sidayu Poleng KE 2
lf ed I TROUG
H
she P AT OUG
H
Ujung Pangkah
of
7º S N G TR Mudi
fs
NI
KE
ho
H
EPU HIG EP
W ES T C DE
re
H N G
HIG I MB
A E CENTRAL HIGH
is o
EP
U
NG IDG IDG
E
TC GR BD GE XR
N RID X
la
S U
EA ND BD
te
EMA ADURA BASIN

K SOUTH M
d
Banyu Urip
pl
at
Sukowati SOUTH HIGH

fo
SEA
rm
8º S
N
OPE
s
OIL FIELD (SOME WITH GAS)

THERMOGENIC GAS FIELD (WITH CONDENSATE)
BIOGENIC GAS FIELD
Paleogeography of East Java Basin during Paleogene

RMKS
Regional Stress in the Neogene

tectonic map is modified after Hall (1997)
Conclusions :
1. The Rembang-Madura-Kangean-Sakala (RMKS) Fault Zone is a left-lateral
wrench fault and inverted zone.
2. The RMKS Fault Zone occupies the geologic border separating two areas
with different sedimentary regime and different basement types and
structural configuration.
3. The origin of the RMKS Fault Zone is related to a couple stress started in
the upper Early Miocene-Middle Miocene, involving :
a. westward stress driven by collision of some micro-continents to the east

of Sulawesi,
b. westward stress driven by collision of Australia and Timor and anti-
clockwise bending of the Banda Arc,
c. northward stress due to subduction of the Indian oceanic crust beneath
Java with northeasterly slip vector of plate movement.
Conclusions :
4. The predominating structural grains are fold and fault belts related
to wrench tectonism of basement-involved flower structures with
upward diverging splays that mostly have reverse separations. Pure-
shear deformation due to plate subduction of Indian oceanic crust
beneath Java complicates the structural style.
5. The intensity of deformation of the RMKS Fault increases to the

east and the initiation of the inversion started earlier in the eastern
sector than that of the western sector.
INDONESIAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOLOGISTS (IAGI) & GEOSEA
30th IAGI Annual Convention & 10th Geosea Regional Congress
Yogyakarta, 10 - 12 September 2001
Dynamic Response of the Salawati Basin,

Eastern Indonesia to the Sorong Tectonism :
Example of Inter-Plate Deformation
Awang H. Satyana
(Exploration PERTAMINA MPS)

Conclusions
• The Salawati Basin records the history of basin polarity
reversal to accommodate the Sorong Fault Tectonism.
• The Sorong Fault Tectonism has strongly controlled the

geology of the Salawati Basin since the mid-Pliocene.
• The Salawati Basin presents a good example of

deformation within inter-plate tectonic regime (the basin
is sandwiched between Australian continental plate and
the Caroline-Philippine Sea oceanic plate).
Indonesian Association of Geologists
31st Annual Convention, Surabaya 30 September – 2 October 2002
Evolution of the Salawati Structures,

Eastern Indonesia : A Frontal
Sorong Fault Deformation
Awang H. Satyana (Exploration BP Migas)

Margaretha E.M. Purwaningsih (Geology ITB)
Enrico C.P. Ngantung (Exploration BP Migas)
Regional physiographic features of Eastern Indonesia
Satyana et al. (2000)
E
C
antithe
ts
PDZ
aul
tic strik
al f
lip
m
e-s
nor
i k t
str ul
e
fa
fo
ld
s
thr
tic
-
us
to
r the
n
slip fau
sy
rev
lts
ers
e
fau
lts
C
E
Sorong Fault Sinistral
Strain ellipsoid after Wilcox et al. (1973) Fault System (75º NE)
courtesy of JOB Pertamina-
PetroChina Salawati
N
Sorong Fault Zone
aligned notches &

offset drainage
shutter
SIR-A (Shuttle Imaging Radar) shutter ridge rid ge
data around the Sorong Fault linear traces

Zone showing elements related
with a strike-slip fault
modified from Sabins (1987)

NW SE
RIM SYNCLINE
INTRA-KLASAMAN
DIAPIR
SORONG FAULT
ZONE
BASE LOWER KLASAMA
N
AIS
TOP K
0 2 4 km
Satyana and Setiawan (2001)

Indonesia 100 million years from now…
Miller (1983)
Thank you for your attention

Geotectonics of Indonesia Overview

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GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF PADJADJARAN

”GEOEXPO 2005 - A HALF-DAY COURSE”

BADAN PELAKSANA KEGIATAN USAHA HULU MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI

 Re-visiting plate tectonics theory

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Alfred Wegener 1915’s SiAl

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Skinner et al. (2004)

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Plates of the lithosphere and their kinds of margins

Plates of the lithosphere and their kinds of margins

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Press and Siever (1998)

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Transform Boundary : where plates slide past each other

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Rock assemblages associated with ocean-continent plate subduction

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Rock assemblages associated with ocean-ocean plate subduction

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

• Plate Tectonic Theory also explains :

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Skinner et al. (2004)

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

craton = a core of ancient rock

crogens = elongate regions of

Skinner et al. (2004)

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

accretion = the process by

accreted terrane continental

Skinner et al. (2004)

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS

Skinner et al. (2004)

Skinner et al. (2004)