ELEMENTARY STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
 The word statistics have been derived
fron Latin word “Status” or the Italian
word “statista” which means
“POLITICAL STATE” or a Government.
TWO BASIC MEANING OF STATISTICS

Plural sense (General definition)

Singular sense of Statistics
(Scientific definition)
PLURAL SENSE OF STATISTICS
Statistics as
Actual numbers derived from data
Numerical observation of any kind
Quantitative information
Statistical data
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Statistical data are aggregates of facts
 Statistical data are numerically expressed
 Data must be collected in systematics
manner
 Figures must be accurate in a reasonable
degree or standards
 Statistical are collected in a
predetermined purpose
 EXAMPLES
 Figures of birth and death
 Statistics in enrolment and drop- outs
 Tax returns
 Import – export data
 Statistics on unemployment
 Frequency of failures in school
 Population counts
SINGULAR SENSE OF STATISTICS
Statistics as
A method of analysis
Methods used at arriving in quantitative information
or statistical data
A theory and method of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data;
Statistical methods
STAGES OF STATISTICAL INQUIRY
 Collection of data
 Presentation of data
 Analysis of data
 Interpretation of data
 APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
In Education, statistics
- gives information about school’s population change
( statistics enrollment and dropout rate)
- help in processing certain evaluations and survey
given to improve the school system
- determines the relationship of educational
performance to other factors such ass socioeconomic
background
- analyzes the achievements, grades and in
preparations of test ( proficiency level)
In business and economics/ government, statistics
- plays an important role in market feasibility studies for
new products.
- forecasts business trends ( potentials of investments)
- helps control and maintenance of quality products.
- improves the employer – employee relationship (labor
relations)
- helps financial analyst make investment decisions
(human resource allocation)
- analyzes the return on assets before taxes
- provides organized records on the cost of living,
taxes, wages and material resources which is necessary
for intelligent decision making
In Sociology and population dynamics
statistics
- helps in solving problems involving man and
society through statistical studies on population
movement, mortality, morbidity, urban
planning, and labor movement
- is used for surveys designed to collect early
returns on election day to forecast the outcome
of an election
In researches, statistics
- is used to test differences, effectiveness,
impact, relationship or independence of
some variables
- provides the researchers valuable
statistical design of surveys and
experiments which may lead to new
discoveries
HISTORY OF
STATISTICS
ANCIENT TIMES (300 BC – 27 BC)
Simple forms of statistics have been used
since the beginning of civilization when
pictorial representation and other
symbols were used to record numbers of
people, animals, and inaminate objects on
skin slabs, or sticks of woods, and walls of
caves.
 The population is recorded in Babylon and in China.
 The Sumerians counted their citizens for taxation
purposes
 The EGYPTIANS analyzed the population and mateial
wealth of their country before beginning to build the
pyramids. Early scriptures in statistics were written in
PAPYRUS.
 In Biblical times, censuses were undertaken by Moses
in 1491 BC and by David in 1017 BC.
 In China, under ZHOU DYNASTY, from 1027 to 256 BC,
population census city and registrations had become
normal instruments of public administration to
evaluate the number of persons available for the
army and taxation.
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