Revised Group 11 Presentation

Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI):
Sleep Quality of Tertiary Education

Students Villasana, Demi Natalie
Piano, MaryJoy Aubey
Tiglao, Marjunlin
College of Allied Medical Sciences
CENTER FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION

RESEARCH PRESENTERS
MaryJoy Aubey Piano Marjunlin Tiglao Demi Natalie Villasana

College of Allied Medical Sciences College of Allied Medical Sciences College of Allied Medical Sciences
CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION
RESEARCH RATIONALE
▰Sleep maintains the optimal level of

an individual's daily function, health,
and well-being.
▰Altered sleep quality may affect an
individual’s functioning and make them
susceptible to health disparities
(Cherubini et al, 2020; Hillman, 2021). Courtesy: https://news.yale.edu/2022/04/07/yale-study-
finds-persistent-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-sleep-
duration

RESEARCH RATIONALE
▰Declining sleep quality increased for

the past 10 years (Mawen, 2020).
▰46% Filipinos are sleep deprived;
Philippines has the highest rates of
sleep deprivation (National Nutrition
Council, 2021).
Courtesy: https://www.ibtimes.com.au/students-lack-
sleep-due-late-nights-early-start-school-affect-test-
performance-3-key-subjects

RESEARCH RATIONALE
▰Distinguishing an individual's
sleep quality and intervention for
poor sleep quality are relevant.
▰Students with sleep problems
have low intention to seek help (Chu
et al, 2018).
Courtesy: https://philcarreview.com/safe-driving/effects-
of-traffic-to-students-in-the-philippines-philcarreview-
ta97

RESEARCH RATIONALE
▰ Sleep Quality – classification of an individual’s quality of sleep (good or poor),

identified through different characteristics of sleep or measured through a
sleep quality index.
▰ Subjective Sleep Quality - individual's satisfaction with their sleep.
▰ Sleep Duration - length of time that an individual sleeps.
▰ Sleep Latency - time it takes for an individual to fall asleep after turning off
the lights.
▰ Sleep Disturbances - internal or external distractions that hinders sleep.

RESEARCH RATIONALE
▰ Daytime Dysfunction - inability to fully function during the day due to poor
sleep quality or insufficient duration of sleep.
▰ Poor Sleeper – an individual who practice poor sleeping habits and
subjectively describes own sleep quality as not satisfactory.
▰ Good Sleeper - an individual who practice good sleeping habits and
subjectively describes own sleep quality as satisfactory.
▰ Sleeping Habits – acts an individual does prior to sleep or actions done to
maintain sleep quality.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The main objective of the study was to analyze the sleep quality of
tertiary education students through a sleep quality index. Furthermore,
results of the study supported the crafted guidelines to improve the
students’ sleep quality. Specifically, the study resulted to:
 Determined sleep quality of tertiary education students in terms of

the components of Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), subjective
sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep
disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction.
 Crafted guidelines on sleeping habits to promote overall quality of

health and well-being.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
SLEEP QUALITY OF TERTIARY EDUCATION STUDENTS
SAMPLE GROUP
Guidelines on sleeping
Self-Assessment Tool
habits to promote overall
Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index quality of health and well-
being.

Figure 1: Paradigm of the Study

RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH METHOD USED
Non-Experimental,
Descriptive

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
Convenience Sampling
One Hundred Fifteen (115) College
Students of First City Providential
College (FCPC)
First to Fourth Year from Different
Department
Enrolled in First Semester S.Y. 2022-
2023 CENTER FOR RESEARCH,
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION
Pittsburg Sleep Quality

Index (PSQI)
Intraclass Correlation
Coefficient of 0.829
95% Confidence
Used in both research and
clinical setting. CENTER FOR RESEARCH,
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION
Seven Components of Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
 subjective sleep quality

 sleep latency
 sleep duration
 sleep efficiency
 sleep disturbance
 use of sleep medication
 daytime dysfunction
RESEARCH TREATMENT ANALYSIS
Descriptive Statistics
Median, Frequency and
Percentage Table
PSQI Scoring

RESEARCH TREATMENT ANALYSIS
PSQI Scoring
 Total Component Scores
 Sum of All the (seven) Component Scores = Global PSQI Score
 PSQI Component Score Indication

0 = no difficulty
1-2 = moderate difficulty
3 = severe difficulty
 Global PSQI Score Indication
0 = no difficulty
1-5 = Quality Sleep “Good Sleeper”
5- 21 = Severe Difficulty in all Areas “Poor Sleeper” CENTER FOR RESEARCH,
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
 Most of the tertiary education students in FCPC are “poor sleepers”.

 Most of the college students indicated a Fairly Good Subjective
Sleep Quality.
 Most of the college students’ sleep latency is 16-30 minutes.
 Most of the college students’ sleep duration is 6-7 hours.
 In Terms of Sleep Efficacy
 Usual Bedtime is 12:00 am - 3:00 am.
 Usual Getting up Time is 5:30 am - 8:00 am.
 College students’ most encountered sleep disturbance was
caused by waking up in the middle of the night or early
morning. CENTER FOR RESEARCH,
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
 Majority are not using sleep medications.

 In Terms of Daytime Dysfunction
 Most of the college students had not experienced
trouble staying awake during daily activities.
 Most of the college students indicated keeping up
enthusiasm was only a very slight problem.
 Proposed Guidelines on Sleeping Habits were Crafted to
Promote Overall Quality of Health and Well-being.

TABLE 1: RESULTS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS'
SUBJECTIVE SLEEP QUALITY
45%
40%
DESCRIPTI 35%
VE PERCENTA MEDIAN 30%
EQUIVALE GE
NT 25%
VERY 4%
GOOD 20%
FAIRLY 43%
GOOD 30 15%
FAIRLY 39% 10%
BAD
VERY BAD 13% 5%
0%
Very good Fairly good Fairly bad Very bad
PERCENTAGE CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

TABLE 2: RESULTS OF HOW LONG IT HAS USUALLY TAKEN
STUDENTS TO SLEEP AFTER TURNING OFF THE LIGHTS
40%
35%
30%
TIME PERCENTAGE MEDIAN 25%
INDICATION
≥ 15 20%
MINUTES 36%
16-30 15%
MINUTES 22% 30
31-60 10%
MINUTES 30%
> 60 5%
MINUTES 12%
0%
≥ 15 minutes 16-30 31-60 > 60 minutes
minutes minutes

TABLE 3: RESULTS OF STUDENTS' HOURS OF SLEEP
EVERY NIGHT DURING THE PAST MONTH
45%
40%
35%
TIME PERCENTAGE MEDIAN 30%

INDICATION
25%
> 7 HOURS 4%
20%
6-7 HOURS 43%
31.5 15%
5-6 HOURS 39%
10%
< 5 HOURS 13%
5%
0%
> 7 hours 6-7 hours 5-6 hours <5 hours

TABLE 4: RESULTS OF STUDENTS' USUAL BEDTIME
60%
50%
40%
TIME INDICATION PERCENTAGE MEDIAN 30%

12:00 AM - 3:00 52%
AM 20%
4:00 AM - 6:00 AM 3%
25.5 10%
7:00 PM - 9:30 PM 5%
10:00 PM - 11:30 39% 0%
PM 12:00 am - 4:00 am - 7:00 pm - 10:00 pm -
3:00 am 6:00 am 9:30 pm 11:30 pm
PERCENTAGE
TABLE 5: RESULTS OF STUDENTS' USUAL
GETTING UP TIME
70%
60%
50%
40%
TIME INDICATION PERCENTAGE MEDIAN
30%
2:00 AM - 5:00 AM 10%
20%
5:30 AM - 8:00 AM 63%
16 10%
8:30 AM - 10:00 AM 17%
11:00 AM - 12:00 NN 10% 0%
2:00 am - 5:30 am - 8:30 am - 11:00 am -
5:00 am 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 nn
PERCENTAGE
TABLE 6: RESULTS OF HOW OFTEN STUDENTS HAD TROUBLE
SLEEPING CAUSED BY OTHER SLEEP DISTURBANCES
35%
30%
25%
INDICATION PERCENTAGE MEDIAN 20%
NOT DURING THE PAST 34%

15%
MONTH
LESS THAN ONCE A 10%
WEEK 26%
28 5%
ONCE OR TWICE A 17%
WEEK 0%
THREE OR MORE 23% Not dur- Less than Once or Three or
TIMES A WEEK ing the once a twice a more
past week week times a
month week
PERCENTAGE
TABLE 7: RESULTS OF HOW OFTEN STUDENTS USED
SLEEP MEDICATIONS
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
30%
NOT DURING THE 86%
PAST MONTH 20%
LESS THAN ONCE A 7% 10%
WEEK 7.5 0%
ONCE OR TWICE A 6% Not during Less than Once or Three or
WEEK the past once a twice a more
THREE OR MORE 1% month week week times a
TIMES A WEEK week
PERCENTAGE
TABLE 8: HOW OFTEN STUDENTS HAD TROUBLE STAYING
AWAKE DURING DAILY ACTIVITIES
35%
30%
25%
20%
INDICATION PERCENTAGE MEDIAN
15%
NOT DURING THE PAST 32%
MONTH 10%
LESS THAN ONCE A 29%
WEEK 32.5 5%
ONCE OR TWICE A 28%
WEEK 0%
Not dur- Less than Once or Three or
THREE OR MORE 11% ing the once a twice a more
TIMES A WEEK past week week times a
month week
PERCENTAGE
TABLE 9: RESULTS OF HOW MUCH OF A PROBLEM HAS IT BEEN
FOR STUDENTS TO KEEP UP ENTHUSIASM TO ACCOMPLISH
DAILY TASKS
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
No problem at all 11% 15%
Only a very slight 10%
problem 41%
28 5%
Somewhat of a problem 37% 0%
A very big problem 10% Not during Less than Once or Three or
the past once a twice a more times
month week week a week
PERCENTAGE
TABLE 10: RESULTS OF STUDENTS' PSQI GLOBAL SCORE
90%
80%
70%
60%
INDICATION PERCENTAGE MEDIAN 50% 83%
40%
"GOOD SLEEPER" 17%
57.5 30%
"POOR SLEEPER" 83%
20%
17%
10%
0%
"GOOD SLEEPER" "POOR SLEEPER"
PERCENTAGE
Evidence-Based
Recommendations
Recommendations Scientific Basis
Guidelines on
Sleeping
Habits
Promoting
Health and Standard-
Feasible and Well-Being Based and
Specific Concrete
Actions Actions
Monitoring Improvement
Structural
Processing of the
Document

CONCLUSION
▰ Majority of the Tertiary Education Students have Poor Sleep Quality

▰ Fairly Good Subjective Sleep Quality
▰ Moderate Difficulty in Terms of Sleep Latency
▰ Moderate Difficulty in Terms of Sleep Duration
▰ No Difficulty in Terms of Sleep Efficacy
▰ Moderate Difficulty on Encountered Sleep Disturbances
▰ Majority are Not Using Sleep Medications
▰ Moderate Difficulty on Daytime Dysfunction
▰ Proposed Guidelines on Poor Sleep Quality to Promote Overall Quality
of Health and Well-being

CONCLUSION
▰ The sleep quality of college students’ sample population

(115) do not represent the whole population of Tertiary
Education Department (TED), thus represents only the
students who participated in the study.
▰ Only the overall PSQI Global Score served as the basis to
determine the sleep quality of tertiary education department,
as the scores per component are significant to yield the total
score of PSQI, only the Global Score determines good and
poor sleepers which ascertain the sleep quality overall.

RECOMMENDATION
 Propose the crafted guidelines on sleeping habits to the

First City Providential College Administration upon
validation of Dean, Program Heads, and Instructors from
the College of Allied Medical Sciences, referral to other
medical professionals maybe accepted, if possible.
 Offer the guidelines to the tertiary education department
(TED) and basic education department (BED) thru the
Guidance Services Office.
 Referral of students with severe difficulty on sleep to
Guidance Services Office to offer counseling services, if
appropriate.
RECOMMENDATION
 Reassess students who appeared to have severe difficulty

on maintaining sleep or poor sleep quality using the
standardized Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which
was obtained from remote data gathering.
 Referral of the students with poor sleep quality to the
School Clinic to be assessed for possible complications
that may have been attained due to poor sleep quality, if
appropriate.

“ Prevention is cheaper
than cure. Invest in
your health now and be
wealthy for a lifetime.

REFERENCES
•Cherubini, et.al (2020). Sleep deprivation and endothelial function: reconciling

seminal evidence with recent perspectives.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpheart.00607.2020
•Hillman, D. (2021). Sleep Loss in the Hospitalized Patient and Its Influence on Recovery
from Illness and Operation. https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-
•Mawen, R. (2020). 17 Proven Tips to Sleep Better at Night.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/17-tips-to-sleep-better
•National Nutrition Council (2021). Sleep Deprivations' Health Effects on People’s Lives.
https://nnc.gov.ph/regional-offices/mindanao/region-ix-zamboanga-peninsula/5846-sl
eep-deprivations-health-effects-on-people-s-lives
• Chu, H. et al. (2018). A Mobile Sleep-Management Learning System for Improving
Students’ Sleeping Habits by Integrating a Self-Regulated Learning Strategy:
Randomized Controlled Trial. https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/10/e11557/#ref19
REFERENCES
•Wang F, Bíró É. Determinants of sleep quality in college students: A literature review.

Explore (NY). 2021 Mar-Apr;17(2):170-177. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.11.003. Epub
2020 Nov 17. PMID: 33246805.
• Bureau of Labor Statistics (n.d.),
https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2007/may/wk4/art04.html
•Lawson, H., et al., (2019). Evaluation of Sleep Patterns and Self-Reported Academic
Performance among Medical Students at the University of Ghana School of Medicine
and Dentistry. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sd/2019/1278579/
•Maheshwari, G., & Shaukat, F. (2019). Impact of Poor Sleep Quality on the Academic
Performance of Medical Students. Cureus, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4357
•Hershner, S. (2020). Sleep and academic performance: Measuring the impact of sleep.
Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 33, 51-56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.009
REFERENCES
•Alfonsi, V. et al (2022) ‘This is the last episode’: the association between problematic
binge-watching and loneliness, emotion regulation, and sleep-related factors in poor
sleepers. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13747
•Zhaleh, RKM. & Tarrahi M J(2021) Investigating Internet Addiction and Sleep Quality
Correlation Among Students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2021. Health
Scope. 11(3):e127242. https://doi.org/10.5812/jhealthscope-127242.
•Alasmari MM, Alkanani RS, Alshareef AS, Alsulmi SS, Althegfi RI, Bokhari TA, Alsheikh
MY and Alshaeri HK (2022) Medical students’ attitudes toward sleeping pill usage: A
cross-sectional study;
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1007141/full
•Kayaba, M. et al. (2020). Impact of sleep problems on daytime function in school life:
a cross-sectional study involving Japanese university students.
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-08483-1
•Premuzic, T. (2020). How Much Is Bad Sleep Hurting Your Career?.
https://hbr.org/2020/07/how-much-is-bad-sleep-hurting-your-career DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION
RESEARCH PRESENTERS
MaryJoy Aubey Piano Marjunlin Tiglao Demi Natalie Villasana

College of Allied Medical Sciences College of Allied Medical Sciences College of Allied Medical Sciences

Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI):
Sleep Quality of Tertiary Education
Students Villasana, Demi Natalie
Piano, MaryJoy Aubey
Tiglao, Marjunlin
College of Allied Medical Sciences
CENTER FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION

THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
May we all have sweet dreams tonight!
Any questions?
You can find us at
deminatalie.villasana@fcpc.com.ph,
marjunlin.tiglao@fcpc.com.ph,
piano.maryjoyaubey@fcpc.com.ph CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

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Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI):

Sleep Quality of Tertiary Education

CENTER FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION

MaryJoy Aubey Piano Marjunlin Tiglao Demi Natalie Villasana

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

▰Sleep maintains the optimal level of

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

▰Declining sleep quality increased for

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

▰ Sleep Quality – classification of an individual’s quality of sleep (good or poor),

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

 Determined sleep quality of tertiary education students in terms of

 Crafted guidelines on sleeping habits to promote overall quality of

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

SLEEP QUALITY OF TERTIARY EDUCATION STUDENTS

Figure 1: Paradigm of the Study

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

Pittsburg Sleep Quality

Seven Components of Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

 subjective sleep quality

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

 PSQI Component Score Indication

 Most of the tertiary education students in FCPC are “poor sleepers”.

 Majority are not using sleep medications.

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

PERCENTAGE CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

PERCENTAGE CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

TIME PERCENTAGE MEDIAN 30%

PERCENTAGE CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

TIME INDICATION PERCENTAGE MEDIAN 30%

INDICATION PERCENTAGE MEDIAN 20%

NOT DURING THE PAST 34%

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

▰ Majority of the Tertiary Education Students have Poor Sleep Quality

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

▰ The sleep quality of college students’ sample population

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

 Propose the crafted guidelines on sleeping habits to the

 Reassess students who appeared to have severe difficulty

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

•Cherubini, et.al (2020). Sleep deprivation and endothelial function: reconciling

•Wang F, Bíró É. Determinants of sleep quality in college students: A literature review.

MaryJoy Aubey Piano Marjunlin Tiglao Demi Natalie Villasana

CENTER FOR RESEARCH,

CENTER FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION

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