T2.

2B Newton’s 1st law of motion

Review

• What is force?

• Different forces: can you name them?

• Objects as point particles.

• Free-body diagram.
Mechanics
• Forces
– free-body diagram

– translational equilibrium

– Newton’s 1st law of motion

– Newton’s 2nd law of motion

– Newton’s 3rd law of motion

– solid friction
Mechanics
• Representing forces as vectors.
• Sketching and interpreting free-body diagrams: label forces
using commonly accepted names or symbols (for example:
weight or force of gravity or mg): mg should be identified as
weight.
• Describing the consequences of Newton’s first law for
translational equilibrium.
• Using Newton’s second law quantitatively and qualitatively.
• Identifying force pairs in the context of Newton’s third law.
• Solving problems involving forces and determining resultant
force.
• Describing solid friction (static and dynamic) by coefficients of
friction.
Newton’s 1st law

A body will remain at rest or continue moving

at constant velocity unless acted upon by an
unbalanced (net) force.

If F = 0, Newton’s first
then v = CONST. law
Newton’s 1st law

• Aristotelian tenet: “The natural state of motion of

all objects (but the heavenly ones) is one of rest.”

• simple observation: “In order for a body to be in

motion, there must be a force acting on it.”
Newton’s 1st law Inertia will only
change if there
is a force.

• Galileo: If I give a cart a push on a

smooth, level surface, it will eventually stop.

• If I can minimize the friction, it’ll go farther.

• In fact, he reasoned, if I eliminate the friction altogether

the cart will roll forever!

• state of motion inertia.

Newton’s 1st law A body’s velocity
will only change if
there is a net force
acting on it.

Newton’s first law: “Every body continues in its state of

rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces impressed
thereon.”
Newton’s 1st law

A body will remain at rest or continue moving

at constant velocity unless acted upon by an
unbalanced (net) force.

If F = 0, Newton’s first
then v = CONST. law
Translational Equilibrium

T2.2B Slow-motion popping water balloon.mp4

A body at rest
A block of mass 2.5 kg rests on a table. What are
the values of R and W?

W
A body at constant velocity
A force of 50 N at an angle of 45 is now pulling the
block of mass 5 kg so that it moves at a constant
velocity along the table.

a) Draw a FBD. R
50N
b) What are the values
for W, R and F? 45
F

W
An object on strings
A ball is hanging from the
ceiling on two strings as shown.
Draw a FBD. T T
If the mass of the ball is 10 kg,
what is the tension (T) on each
string?

W
A car moving at constant velocity

If the car is moving at a constant velocity of

10 kmh-1 and the drag force is 50 kN, what is
the thrust force from engine?
v = 10 kmh-1
drag

force
A floating object

If the floating log of 20 kg is three quarters

submerged under the water, what is the volume
of the log?

(density of water: upthrust

1 x 103 kg m-3

gravitational acceleration:
W
10.0 ms-2)
A floating object

Problem on Forces: A boy with helium balloons.

A parachutist

FA Air resistance
(FA) depends on
the speed of the
parachutist
falling.
If the parachutist is
falling at a constant
velocity, what is the
drag force?

W
A parachutist

The parachutist of mass 75 kg

FA
is falling at a terminal speed of
20 ms-1. What is the air
resistance?
v = 20 ms-1

W
Equilibrium

The state of a system where the net external

force is zero.

i.e. when the net force on a body is zero.

Equilibrium
Neutral Equilibrium: If the net force on the body
remains zero when the body is displaced slightly from its
equilibrium position.

displaced

position of body is still in

neutral equilibrium
equilibrium
Equilibrium
Stable Equilibrium: if after displacing from the
equilibrium position, the net force is no longer zero and
the net force in the displaced position tends to move the
body back towards the initial equilibrium position, then
we speak of stable equilibrium.
Equilibrium
Unstable Equilibrium: if after displacing from the
equilibrium position, the net force is no longer zero and
the net force in the displaced position tends to move
even further away from the initial equilibrium position,
then we speak of unstable equilibrium.
Equilibrium
Is it possible for an equilibrium position can be both
stable and unstable at the same time?
Translational Equilibrium
A 1000 kg airplane is flying at a constant velocity of 125 ms-1.
Label and determine the value of the weight W, the lift L, the
drag D and the thrust F if the drag is 25000 N.

D F
W
Translational Equilibrium
An object of mass m is hanging via three cords as shown.
Find the tension in each of the three cords given m = 5
kg.

30° 45° T3 T1 T2
T1 T2
t 30° 45°
kno
T3
mg T3
m FBD, m FBD, knot
Translational Equilibrium
T3 T1 T2
• From FBD for m:
30° 45°
T3 + mg = 0: T3 = 50N
mg T3
• From FBD for knot: Fx = 0 FBD, m FBD, knot
T2 cos 45 - T1 cos 30 = 0

• From FBD for knot: Fy = 0

T1 sin 30 + T2 sin 45 - T3 = 0

• T3 = 50 N, T2 = 44.8 N, T1 = 36.6 N
Momentum
Momentum is a new quantity that puts mass and
velocity together.

The momentum of a body of mass m and velocity

v is defined to be:
Kg ms-1 OR Ns
p = mv

Momentum is a vector quantity whose direction is

the same as that of the velocity of the body.
Momentum - example p = mv
1. What is the momentum of a 100g ball
travelling at 5 ms-1?

2. Given that force F = ma, derive an equation

that relates the force and momentum.
Momentum - example p = mv
A 100 g ball moving at 5 ms-1
bounces off a vertical wall 5 ms-1
without any change in its
speed (perfectly elastic
collision). If the collision
5 ms-1
lasted for 0.1 s, what force
was exerted on the wall?