Research Report

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RESEARCH
REPORT
ENGL212 Techniques in Advanced Composition
NEIL P. DECLARO
OBJECTIVES
01 IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE

PARTS OF A RESEARCH REPORT
02 DISCUSS WAYS ON HOW TO WRITE
AN EFFECTIVE RESEARCH REPORT
03 04
RESEARCH
A systematic investigations into study of
a natural phenomena or materials or
sources or existing condition of the
society in order to identify facts or to get
additional information and
derive new conclusions.
RESEARCH REPORT
A systematic write up on the
findings of the study.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE RESEARCH REPORT
01 02
FOCUS ACCURACY
an effective report an effective report
emphasizes the does not mislead the
important information. reader.
03 04
CLARITY CONCISENESS
an effective report does an effective report does
not confuse the reader. not waste the reader’s
time.
PARTS OF A RESEARCH REPORT

Introduction
Significance of the Study Review of Related
and Statement
and Definition of terms Literature
of the Problem
Methodology Results Discussion
Conclusions and
References Appendices
Recommendations
Abstract
01
01 INTRODUCTION
“The body of a manuscript opens with an introduction that
presents the specific problem under study and describes
the research strategy. Because the introduction is clearly
identified by its position in the manuscript.” (APA, 2010, p.
27)
INTRODUCTION
The introduction creates the context
for your research. It should provide
sufficient background to allow the
reader to understand and evaluate
your study without needing to refer
to previous publications.
A reader of the introduction should be able to answer the following
questions, although not in any depth.
a) What is the research about?
b) Why is it relevant or important?
c) What are the issues or problems?
d) What is the proposed solution or approach?
e)What can one expect in the rest of the
research?
Writing the Introduction

• Decide what background information to
include.
• State the research questions early.
• State the research questions in plain and
simple language
• State the research questions precisely.
• Before you cite a paper (or article, book
chapter, etc), read it and think about it.
THE
FUNNEL
PRINCIPLE
0
0
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
A statement of the problem is used in research work as a
claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study. The
statement of the problem briefly addresses the question:
What is the problem that the research will address?
What are the key characteristics of a statement of the

problem?
1. 2. 3.
It should address a It should be significant enough It should lead to
gap in knowledge. to contribute to the existing further research
body of research
4. 5. 6.
The problem should render It should be of interest to the The approach towards
itself to investigation researcher and suit his/her solving the problem
through collection of data skills, time, and resources should be ethical
EXAMPLE:
Generally, this study aimed to explore the lived
experiences of single parents found in Leyte.
More specifically, this study aimed to:
a. Explore the lived experiences of single
parents found in Leyte,
b. Identify the cause of being a single parent,
c. Explore their relationship to their child,
d. Identify the challenges they experience,
e. Describe the common factors that keeps
them going, and
f. Identify the support they need.
0
0
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
In simple terms, the significance of the study is basically the
importance of your research. While stating the significance,
you must highlight how your research will be beneficial to
the development of science and the society in general.
While writing the significance of your study,
you must answer questions like:
• Why should your research be published?

• How will this study contribute to the
development of your field?
0
0
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book,
research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or
more likely near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon,
credits, etc. This is an important part of Research paper or
report is that in which the key or important terms in the
study are clearly defined.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTUAL
DEFINITION DEFINITION
Is the meaning of articulates what
the concept or exactly is to be
term as used in a measured or
particular study. observed in a
study.
EXAMPLE
the group of
consumers or
a regular organizations that
gathering of is interested in the
people for the product,
purchase and sale
of provisions, MARKET
livestock, and
an area or arena in
other
which commercial
commodities.
dealings are
conducted.
advertise or promote
(something).
0
0
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book,
research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or more
likely near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc.
This is an important part of Research paper or report is that in
which the key or important terms in the study are clearly
defined.
• Introduction (general problem and variables defined, highlights)
• Body
• Provenance – empirical basis of the article
• Objectivity – rationality of data and facts cited
• Persuasiveness – degree of credibility of the data
• Value – degree of the contributions of the literature to clarify
variables
• Conclusion (major contributions, current development, relate
gathered data to the central theme)
STEPS IN LITERATURE REVIEW
01 02
Collect, evaluate Find
and select connections and
literature themes
03 04
Plan your literature Write your
review’s structure literature review
• Chronological • Introduction
• Thematic • Body
• Methodological • Conclusion
• Theoretical
0
0 METHODOLOGY
This section can be thought of as the ‘cookbook’
section of the paper, by reading this section, could
duplicate (or in research terms, replicate) your study.
Therefore, it should be complete, detailed and clear
enough to allow another investigator to understand
how you ran your experiment.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. 2. 3.
Research
Research Design Research Environment
Respondents or
Participants
4. 5. 6.
Research Instruments / Treatment of Data
Data Collection Procedures
Sources of Data
Research Design
• The introductory paragraph specifies the type of
research used and provides its justification
• The description of the design should indicate why
it was selected, along with its uses and limitations
in answering the research questions/ problems,
including potential threats to validity associated
with the design.
Research Environment
• This subsection describes the setting, locale or
context where the study was conducted
• Ethical standards require that the names of
persons, school or organizations involved will not
be mentioned to maintain privacy and
confidentiality of results
• They may be described within their location based
on the variables relevant to the research problem.
Research Respondents/Participants
• This part defines the study population
• It describes the type and characteristics of the
respondents/participants selected as the
samples.
• It describes the sampling procedure used in
selection of the sample, specifies the number of
respondents/ participants involved and identifies
possible limitations in the choice of
respondents/participants
Research Instruments / Sources of Data

• This part describes the research
instrument(s)/tools for gathering data and identify
whether they are standardized or researcher-
made
• The description of the instrument(s) should
describe the purpose of the instrument (what it
intend to measure), and
Research Instruments / Sources of Data

• Describes the content and preparation of each
instrument
• Describes other sources of data (e.g. records,
documents)
• Identifies limitations of the research instruments
and/or sources of data
Data Collection Procedures

• This section describes the details of the data
gathering employing the research tools described
earlier
• The description of procedures should describe in
detail all steps which were executed in conducting
the study.
Treatment of Data
• This part explains the procedures for processing
and analysis of data.
• It describes the nature of the data set, whether
qualitative or quantitative, or a combination of
both.
Treatment of Data
• For quantitative data, describe the steps
necessary in processing the data and the
statistical procedures to be used to answer each
specific sub- problem of the study must be.
• Include a justification of the statistical procedures
used and in case of inferential procedures, state
your level of significance.
0
0 RESULTS
Is a concise, factual summary of your findings,
listed under headings appropriate to your research
questions. It’s common to use tables and graphics.
RESULTS
• If the data are relatively simple, they may be reported
entirely in text without the use of TABLES or
FIGURES.
• Summarize the main idea of your findings and report
them whether or not your hypothesis(es) have been
confirmed. Present the results in the same order as
you have made your predictions (hypotheses) in the
introduction and do so in simple sentences.
TABLES FIGURES
TABLES FIGURES
are reserved for the most What has been said of

important data directly Tables applies generally to
related to the experiment. the figures of the results
The tables that are intended section as well.
to communicate the main  Figures are graphs,
results should appear in the charts, and illustrations.
body of the report.
0
0 DISCUSSION
The Discussion responds to the hypothesis or
research question. This section is where you
interpret your results, account for your findings
and explain their significance within the context of
other research.
WRITING THE DISCUSSION

1. 2. 3.
Return to the Point out the limitations of your Discuss possible alternative
research questions study explanations for the results
of your study
4. 5. 6.
Compare your research Conclude by explaining the What about
results to the results of importance of your study suggestions for further
other studies on the same
research?
topic.
CONCLUSION
• Generally fairly short and should follow on
naturally from points raised in the
discussion. In this section you should
discuss the significance of your findings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
0
0
REFERENCES/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A Reference List contains all the resources you have
cited in your work, while a Bibliography is a wider list
containing all the resources you have consulted (but
not necessarily cited) in the preparation of your work.
0
0 ABSTRACT
The abstract is the most important part of a
research report (except possibly for the title).
Many people who read the abstract will not read
any other part of the report.
WRITING THE ABSTRACT
1. 2. 3.
Write the abstract last Establish priorities Keep it within the word
limit
READ
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Home About me What I do My experience My work

01 IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE

PARTS OF A RESEARCH REPORT

Writing the Introduction

What are the key characteristics of a statement of the

• Why should your research be published?

Research Instruments / Sources of Data

Research Instruments / Sources of Data

Data Collection Procedures

are reserved for the most What has been said of

WRITING THE DISCUSSION

WRITING THE ABSTRACT

THANK YOU FOR

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