ACID RAIN

Contents 01 Introduction

02 Causes of acid rain

03 Effects

04 How can we prevent acid rain

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Introduction
Acid rain also called as acid precipitation or
acid deposition. lt is any form of precipitation
like rain , snowfall or hail that become acidic
due to the environment. PH : 5.2 or below
primarily.

Discovery
GENE E. LIKENS discovered
acid rain in North America
when working with colleagues
at the Hubbard Brook
Experimental forest.
According to the ROYAL
SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY the
father of acid rain is Robert
Angus Smith that discovered
acid rain in 1852.
Formation
2SO2 + O2 +2H2O 2H2SO4

2NO2 + O2 +2H2O 2HNO3

Formation
2SO2 + O2 +2H2O 2H2SO4

2NO2 + O2 +2H2O 2HNO3

 Causes of
Acid
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Cause of Acid rain

Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are
emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents.

The SO2 and NOX react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form
sulfuric and nitric acids.

These then mix with water and other materials before falling to the ground.
Cause of Acid rain
While a small portion of the SO2 and NOX that cause acid rain is from natural sources such as
volcanoes, most of it comes from the burning of fossil fuels. The major sources of SO2 and
NOX in the atmosphere are:

Burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity. .

Two thirds of SO2 and one fourth of NOX in

the atmosphere come from electric power
generators

Vehicles and heavy equipment.

Manufacturing , oil refineries and other

industries.
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Cause of Acid rain

Wet Digestion

When acidic materials falls from

the atmosphere to the ground in
wet form like rain or snow.

Dry Digestion
When acids deposit on the
Earth's surface in dry form such
as dust.
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Effects of acid rain
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 Columns Style
Effects on forested and mountainous regions

In the 1970s and ’80s, forested areas in central Europe, southern Scandinavia, and eastern North
America showed alarming signs of forest dieback and tree mortality.
A 1993 survey in 27 European countries revealed air pollution damage or mortality in 23 percent of
the 100,000 trees surveyed. It is likely that the dieback was the result of many factors, including
 Acid deposition
 Exposure to ground-level ozone
 Possible excess fertilization from the deposition of nitrogen compounds
 General stress caused by a combination of these factors.
Once a tree is in a weakened condition, it is more likely to succumb to other environmental stressors
such as drought, insect infestation, and infection by pathogens.
The areas of forest dieback were often found to be associated with regions with low buffering capacity
where damage to aquatic ecosystems due to acid deposition was also occurring.
 Columns Style
Effects on forested and mountainous regions

 Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, which are the base cations that account for most of
the acid-neutralizing capacity of soils, are derived from the weathering of rocks and from wet and
dry deposition.
 Soil acidification can also occur where deposition of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+) is
high. 
 A 2018 study examining the 2009 Jiweishan landslide in southwest China proposed that acid rain
may have weakened a layer of shale that separated the rock layers containing an aquifer above
from the rock layers containing a mine below, which caused a large mass of rock to slip off the
mountainside and kill 74 people.
 Columns Style
Effects on human-made structures

 Acid deposition also affects human-made structures.

 The most notable effects occur on marble and limestone, which are common building materials
found in many historic structures, monuments, and gravestones.
 Sulfur dioxide, an acid rain precursor, can react directly with limestone in the presence of water to
form gypsum, which eventually flakes off or is dissolved by water.
 In addition, acid rain can dissolve limestone and marble through direct contact.
How can we reduce
Acid rain
 Preventing Acid rain

A great way to reduce acid rain is to produce energy without using

fossil fuels like solar and wind power
People can use renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind
power. Renewable energy sources help reduce acid rain because
they produce much less pollution.
 Preventing Acid rain

Changes in transportation system

 Using public transportation, walking, riding a bike or carpooling.

 Using equipment like catalytic converter in manufacturing of new
car that release less nitrogen oxide.
 Low emission vehicles must be used.
 Preventing Acid rain

 Reduce use of electricity, which is widely created with fossil fuels in

powerplants.
 Power plants generate the electricity we use every day. Unfortunately,
power plants also produce large amounts of nitrogen oxides and sulfur
dioxide—the pollutants that cause acid rain—when they burn fossil
fuels, especially coal, to produce energy.
So, We should reduce our use of electricity like:
 Leave the room and turn off computers
 Televisions when not using them
 Using air conditioning only when really need it
 Using solar powered heating systems and battery-powered cars
 Preventing Acid rain

 By adding lime deposits to major water sources.

 Lime (calcium carbonate) and other liming sources such as
dolomite (magnesium carbonate) reduces soil acidity
by neutralizing acid reactions in the soil. The carbonate
component reacts with hydrogen ions in the soil solution and in
doing so raises the soil pH.
 In Wales, a liming operation was conducted in 2003 to restore
salmon to the Wye river. The water had become too acidic for the
fish to survive, causing them to disappear from the river 18 years
earlier.
THANK YOU