Introduction to

Experimental research
method and Observation
method
Presented by:-Parul

210101010035
Content

 Introduction to experimental research design

 Characteristics of Experimental research
 Introduction to observation Method
 Types of observation
 Characteristics of Observation Method
 Merits of Observation Method
 Demerits Of Observation Method
Experimental Research design
 Experimental design is the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled
fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a
hypothesis statement.
 Experimental research is a scientific method of conducting research using two variables:
independent and dependent.
  Experimental research is based on observation, calculation, comparison and logic.
  The purpose is to establish the effect that a factor or independent variable has on a dependent
variable.
Characteristics of experimental
research
 Manipulation:-control of independent variable by the researcher through
treatment/intervention.
 Control:- the use of control group and extraneous variables on dependent
variables.
 Randomization:- every subjects gets equal chance being assigned to
experimental and control group.
Introduction to Observation
method
 The observation method is described as a method to observe and describe the behavior of a
subject.
  It is a way of collecting relevant information and data by observing.
 Observation as a data collection method can be structured or unstructured.
 In structured or systematic observation, data collection is conducted using specific variables and
according to a pre-defined schedule.
 Unstructured observation, on the other hand, is conducted in an open and free manner in a
sense that there would be no pre-determined variables or objectives.
Types of Observation Method

 Structured observation
In structured or systematic observation, data collection is conducted using specific variables and
according to a pre-defined schedule.

 Unstructured observation
Unstructured observation, is conducted in an open and free manner in a sense that there would be
no pre-determined variables or objectives.
 Participant observation
participant observation is concerned with the activities of a group in which an observer himself
participate and note the situation. He willingly mixes with the group and perform his activities as
an observer not merely a participator who criticize the situation.

 Non-participant observation
The non-participant observation has a lack of participation of the observer in his group activities.
He either watch the phenomena from a distance or participate in the group but never in its
activities. He only sit in the group but do not interest in the process.
 Controlled observation
 observer and observe or subject both are controlled. For systematic data collection control is
imposed on both for accuracy and precision. When observation is pre-planned and definite, then it
is termed as controlled observation.

 Uncontrolled observation
Uncontrolled observation takes place in natural setting without the influence of external or outside
control. The observer does not plan in advance but this is related to day-to-day happenings and
socio-cultural problems.
Characteristics of Observation Method

 Observation is a Systematic Method

  Observation is Specific
  Observation is Objective
  Observation is Quantitative
  Definite Aim
  The Record of Observation is Made Immediately
  Observation is Verifiable
Merits of Observation Method
 Simplest Method
 Useful for Framing Hypothesis
  Greater Accuracy
 An Universal Method
 Observation is the Only Appropriate Tool for Certain Cases
  Independent of People’s Willingness to Report
Demerits Of Observation Method

  Some of the Occurrences may not be Open to Observation

 Lack of Reliability
  Faulty Perception
  Personal Bias of the Observer
 Slow Investigation
  Expensive
 Difficulty in Checking Validity
References
 Research methodology by C.R Kothari
 Business research method by Zikmund, W.G.
 Experimental research - Definition, types of designs and advantages
 https://delvetool.com/blog/observation#:~:text=Observational%20research
%20is%20a%20research,research