ppt02-1

LAYOUTS
AND LETTERING
C H A P T E R T WO
OBJECTIVES
1. Identify six types of technical drawings based on the projection

system they use.
2. Identify the line patterns used in technical drawings and describe

how they are used.
3. Read and measure with the architects’ scale, engineers’ scale, and
metric scale.
4. Identify standard drawing media and sheet sizes.
5. Add lettering to a sketch.
6. Fill in a standard title block
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e © 2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,
Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
2
PROJECTIONS
Behind every 2D drawing of an object is a space relationship involving the object
and three “imagined” things:
1. The observer’s eye, or station point
2. The plane of projection
3. The projectors (also called visual

rays or lines of sight).
Perspective Projection
Parallel Projection
3
Types of Projections
There are two main types of projection: perspective and parallel. These are
broken down into subtypes, as shown below:
4
Drawing Vocabulary
• Drawing Lines
• Lettering ABC 

mm
• Measurement Systems Inch
• Scale
• Title Blocks
Title Block
5
ALPHABET OF LINES
Thick and Thin Drawing Lines
Freehand line technique
Line styles
6
FREEHAND LINES
The main difference between an instrument or CAD drawing and a freehand sketch is
in the appearance of the lines. A good freehand line is not expected to be precisely
straight or exactly uniform, as is a CAD or instrument-drawn line. Freehand lines show
freedom and variety.
Freehand construction lines are very light, rough lines. All

other lines should be dark and clean.
7
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
U.S. Customary Units
The Metric System
Dual-Dimensioned
8
DRAWING SCALE
Drawing scale is the reduction or enlargement of the drawn object
relative to the real object
Reduced and Enlarged Scale. Many drawings must be shown at reduced scale for the object to
fit on the paper.
9
SPECIFYING THE SCALE ON A
DRAWING
For a part that is shown on
the paper at half its actual
size, the scale is listed in one
of these three ways:
SCALE: 1:2
SCALE: 1/2
SCALE: .5
Architectural drawings list

the scale based on the number List the predominant drawing scale in the title
of fractions of an inch on the block. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)
drawing that represent one
foot on the actual object.
Example:
SCALE: 1/8" 1'
10
SCALES
Scales are measuring tools
used to quickly enlarge or
reduce
Drawing measurements.
Types of Scales
11
METRIC SCALES
Full Size 1:1 scale
The triangular scales have

one full-size scale and five
reduced-size scales, all fully
divided.
Using these scales, a drawing
can be made full size,
enlarged sized, or reduced
sized.
Half Size 1:2 scale
12
ENGINEERS’ SCALES
An engineers’ scale (also called a civil engineers’ scales) is a decimal scale
graduated in units of 1 inch divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 parts.
Because the engineers’ scale divides inches into decimal units, it is convenient
in machine drawing to set off inch dimensions expressed in decimals.
13
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS’ SCALES
Mechanical engineers’ scales are divided into units representing inches to full
size, half size, quarter size, or eighth size.
To draw an object to a scale of half size, for example, use the mechanical
engineers’ scale marked half size, which is graduated so that ever ½” represents
1". In other words, the half-size scale is simply a full-size scale compressed to half
size.
Triangular combination scales are available that

include full- and half-size mechanical engineers’
scales, several architects’ scales, and an engineers’
scale all on one stick.
14
Architects’ Scale
The architects’ scale is intended primarily for drawings of buildings, piping
systems, and other large structures that must be drawn to a reduced scale to fit on
a sheet of paper.
AutoCAD software users sometimes become

confused using architectural units. When
selecting architectural
units and entering lengths, keep in mind that a
value of 1 is one inch, not one foot.
15
LETTERING
Lettered text is often necessary to completely describe an object or to provide
detailed specifications. Lettering should be legible, be easy to create, and use styles
acceptable for traditional drawing and CAD drawing.
Engineering drawings use single-stroke

sans serif letters because they are highly
legible and quick to draw.
Sans serif means without serifs, or

spurs
16
LETTERING STANDARDS
• Most hand-drawn notes use lettering

about 3 mm (1/8") high.
• CAD notes are set using the

keyboard and sized to be in the
range of 3 mm (1/8") tall according
to the plotted size of the drawing.
An Example of Lettering and Titles Using
CAD
• CAD drawings typically use a
Gothic lettering style but often use
When adding lettering to a CAD a Roman style for titles.
drawing, a good rule of thumb is
not to use more than two fonts
within the same drawing.
17
Vertical
Capital
Letters and
Numerals
The proportions
of vertical capital
letters and numbers
are shown
18
Vertical Lowercase Letters
Lowercase letters are rarely used in engineering sketches except for lettering
large volumes of notes. Vertical lowercase letters are used on map drawings, but
very seldom on machine drawings.
When large and small capitals are

combined, the small
capitals should be three fifths to
two thirds the height of the
large capitals.
19
Inclined
Capital
Letters and
Numerals
Inclined (italic) capital
letters and numerals,
are similar to vertical
characters, except for
the slope. The slope of
the letters is about 68°
from the horizontal.
20
FRACTIONS
Do’s & Don’t
• Never let numerals touch the fraction bar.
• Center the denominator under the numerator.
• Avoid using an inclined fraction bar, except when lettering

in a narrow space, as in a parts list.
• Make the fraction bar slightly longer than the widest part
of the fraction.
21
USING GUIDELINES
Use extremely light horizontal guidelines to keep letter height uniform…
Do not use vertical

guidelines to space the
distance from one letter
to the next within a word
or sentence.
For even freehand letters:
• Use 1/8" gridded paper for drawing to make lettering easy.
• Use a scale and set off a series of spaces, making both the
letters and the spaces between lines of letters 1/8" high.
• Use a guideline template like the Berol Rapidesign 925
• For whole numbers and fractions, draw five equally

spaced guidelines.
22
SPACING OF LETTERS AND WORDS
Spacing between Letters
Uniform spacing between letters is done by
eye. Contrary to what might seem logical,
putting equal distances from letter to letter
causes them to appear unequally spaced.
Spacing between Words

Space letters closely within words to make
each word a compact unit, but space words
well enough apart to clearly separate them
from adjacent words.
Spacing between Rows

Be sure to leave space between rows of lettering,
usually equal to the letter height.
23
LETTERING FOR TITLES
In most cases, the title and

related information are lettered
in title boxes or title strips
When lettering by hand, arrange

the title symmetrically
about an imaginary centerline
24
DRAWING PENCILS
High-quality drawing pencils help produce good quality technical

sketches and drawings.
Hard Medium Soft

The hard leads in this These grades are for These leads are too
group (left) are used general-purpose work in soft to be useful in
where extreme technical drawing. The mechanical drafting.
accuracy is required, softer grades (right) are They tend to produce
as on graphical used for technical sketching, smudged, rough lines
computations and lettering, arrowheads, that are hard to erase,
charts and diagrams. and other freehand work and the lead must be
The softer leads in this on mechanical drawings. sharpened continually.
group (right) are The harder leads (left) are These grades are used
sometimes used for used for line work on for artwork of various
line work on machine drawings and kinds, and for full-size
engineering drawings, architectural drawings. The details in architectural
but their use is limited H and 2H leads are widely drawing.
because the lines are used on pencil tracings for
apt to be too light. reproduction.
25
Style of Pencil
You might be surprised how much your drawings benefit from finding a style of pencil that suits
your use. Soft pencils, such as HB or F, are mainly used in freehand sketching.
Choose a pencil that:
• Is soft enough to produce clear black lines, but hard enough not to
smudge too easily.
• Is not so soft that the point breaks
easily.
• Feels comfortable in your hand.
• Grips the lead without slipping.
26
THE COMPUTER
AS A DRAFTING TOOL
Most people who create technical drawings use CAD. The
advantages include accuracy, speed, and the ability to present
spatial and visual information in a variety of ways.
Even the most skilled CAD users need to

also be skilled in freehand sketching, to
quickly get ideas down on paper.
One benefit of CAD is the ability to draw perfectly straight uniform lines
and other geometric elements. Making changes to a CAD drawing takes
about a tenth the time that it takes to edit a drawing by hand.
27
SKETCHING AND DRAWING MEDIA
Many choices of media (paper and other) are available for particular
sketching or drawing purposes. Whether you are sketching or are plotting a
drawing from a CAD workstation, choose the type of sheet and size that suits
your needs.
Small notebooks or sketch pads are

useful when working at a site or when
it is necessary to quickly record
information.
Graph paper can be helpful in

making neat sketches
Sketch on Graph Paper
28
STANDARD SHEETS
There are ANSI/ASME standards for international and U.S. sheet sizes.
Note that drawing sheet size is given as height width. Most standard
sheets use what is called a “landscape” orientation.
* May also be used as a vertical sheet size at 11" tall by 8.5" wide.
29
Typical Sheet Sizes and Borders
• Margins and Borders
• Zones
30
Title Block
The title block is located in the lower right corner of the format.
Standard areas in the title block provide the information as shown
below.
31
PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR
SKETCH
When laying out a drawing sheet, you will
need to consider:
• the size and scale of the object you will

show
• the sheet size
• the measurement system (units) for the

drawing
• the space necessary for standard notes

Theand
object
title you are drawing is the “star” of the sketch. Keep the object near the
block.
center of the sheet. It should be boldly drawn, using
thick visible lines. Make it large enough to fill most of the sheet and so that
details show clearly
32

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LAYOUTS

1. Identify six types of technical drawings based on the projection

2. Identify the line patterns used in technical drawings and describe

4. Identify standard drawing media and sheet sizes.

5. Add lettering to a sketch.

6. Fill in a standard title block

1. The observer’s eye, or station point

2. The plane of projection

3. The projectors (also called visual

• Lettering ABC 

Thick and Thin Drawing Lines

Freehand line technique

Freehand construction lines are very light, rough lines. All

U.S. Customary Units

The Metric System

Architectural drawings list

Full Size 1:1 scale

The triangular scales have

Half Size 1:2 scale

Triangular combination scales are available that

AutoCAD software users sometimes become

Engineering drawings use single-stroke

Sans serif means without serifs, or

• Most hand-drawn notes use lettering

• CAD notes are set using the

When large and small capitals are

• Never let numerals touch the fraction bar.

• Center the denominator under the numerator.

• Avoid using an inclined fraction bar, except when lettering

Do not use vertical

For even freehand letters:

• Use 1/8" gridded paper for drawing to make lettering easy.

• Use a guideline template like the Berol Rapidesign 925

• For whole numbers and fractions, draw five equally

Spacing between Words

Spacing between Rows

In most cases, the title and

When lettering by hand, arrange

High-quality drawing pencils help produce good quality technical

Hard Medium Soft

Choose a pencil that:

Even the most skilled CAD users need to

Small notebooks or sketch pads are

Graph paper can be helpful in

Sketch on Graph Paper

• the size and scale of the object you will

• the sheet size

• the measurement system (units) for the

• the space necessary for standard notes

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