Human

Respiratory
System
Micheal L. Lezondra, M.A.Bio.Ed
 As air moves through upper
respiratory system

Human • It is filtered to free it of debris

• Warmed, and
Respiratory • Humidified

System When air reaches lungs

• It is at body temperature, and
• Its humidity is 100%
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The Human
Respiratory
Tract

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 • Air passes from pharynx through glottis
• Larynx and trachea
• Permanently held open by cartilage rings
Human • Facilitates movement of air
Respiratory • When food is swallowed
System • The larynx rises, and
• The glottis is closed by the epiglottis
• Backward movement of soft palate covers the
entrance of nasal passages into the pharynx

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 Forms two
primary bronchi
Trachea divides Bronchi enter
the right and

Human left lungs

Respiratory
System Bronchi branch until
there are a great
Each bronchiole
terminates in
an elongated
number of tiny space enclosed
by alveoli
bronchioles

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Ventilation
• Humans breathe using a tidal
mechanism
• Volume of thoracic cavity and lungs is
increased by muscle contractions that
lower the diaphragm and raise the
ribs
• Create negative pressure in the thoracic
cavity and lungs, and then air flows into
the lungs during inspiration

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Inspiration
Versus
Expiration

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External and
Internal
respiration

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Hemoglobin

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Gas Exchange and Transport
• Breathing stimulus
• Increased H+ and CO2 concentrations in the blood
• Not affected by O2 levels
• Oxygen diffuses into pulmonary capillaries
• Most combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin
• CO2 diffuses out of pulmonary capillaries
• Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ion
• Some carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin to form
carbaminohemoglobin

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 Hemoglobin Saturation
in Relation to Temperature and Acidity
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Respiration and
Health
• Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
• Strep Throat
• Streptococcus pyogenes
• Sinusitis
• Infection of sinuses
• Tonsillitis
• Infection of tonsils
• Laryngitis
• Infection of larynx

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Common
Bronchial
and
Pulmonary
Diseases

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Respiration and Health

• Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

• Acute bronchitis
• Infection of primary and
secondary bronchi
• Pneumonia
• Viral or bacterial infection of the
lungs where bronchi and alveoli
fill with fluid
• Pulmonary tuberculosis
• Caused by tubercle bacillus

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Disorders
• Pulmonary fibrosis
• Fibrous connective tissue builds up
in the lungs
• Chronic bronchitis
• Airways inflamed and filled with
mucus
• Emphysema
• Alveoli are distended and walls are
damaged reducing surface area
available for gas exchange
Disorders
• Asthma
• Airways are unusually sensitive to
specific irritants
• When exposed to the irritants,
the smooth muscles in the
bronchioles undergo spasms
• Lung Cancer
• Begins with thickening and callusing
of the cells lining the airways