The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types

of EM radiation. Radiation is energy that travels and spreads
out as it goes – the visible light that comes from a lamp in
your house and the radio waves that come from a radio
station are two types of electromagnetic radiation. The other
types of EM radiation that make up the electromagnetic
spectrum are microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays
 and gamma-rays.
Scientists call them all electromagnetic radiation. The
waves of energy are called electromagnetic (EM)
because they have oscillating electric and magnetic
fields. Scientists classify them by their frequency or
wavelength, going from high to low frequency (short to
long wavelength). For a wave with a high frequency, it
has a lot of energy, so it could be a gamma ray or x-
ray. If it has low frequency, it has less energy and could
be a TV or radio wave.

All EM energy waves travel at the speed of light. No

matter what their frequency or wavelength, they always
move at the same speed.
How does light interact with matter?
• Matter can transmit light
Matter that transmit light is __________________ like air,water glass
Materials that transmit light but do not let the light travel through are
____________________ materials.
_________________ materials do not let any light pass through
them.The light is absorbed into the matter.
• Matter can reflect light
• Matter can refract light.
 Types of mirrors
• PLANE MIRRORS
• SPHERICAL MIRRORS—
• CONCAVE MIRROR
• CONVEX MIRROR
Real Image Virtual Image

Real image can be seen on the screen. Virtual images cannot be formed on the screen.

It is always inverted It is always erect.

It is formed when ray of light appear to meet at a

It is formed when ray of light after reflection.refraction point.
meet at some point

It is formed due to actual intersection of light ray. It is formed due to imaginary intersection of light ray.
Multiple Reflection
A single image is formed when an object is placed in front of a
mirror. What happens if we use two mirrors?

The number of images we see is dependent largely on the angle

between the two mirrors.

The variation of the number of images of an object placed

between two mirrors with the angle between the mirrors can be
described by a simple formula:

No of images= 360 degrees/ angle formed - 1

angle No of images formed

90 degrees
 
60 degrees
40 degrees
We see that as we go on decreasing the angle between
the mirrors, the number of images go on increasing.

And when the angle becomes zero, i.e., when the mirrors
become parallel to each other, the number of images
becomes infinite.

This effect can be easily observed when your barber uses

another smaller mirror to show you the back of your head.
When this happens, not only do you see the back of your
head, you also see innumerable images of yourself.

 
USES OF PLANE MIRROR

1. They are used as looking glass.

2. They are used in solar cookers.
3. They are also used in constructing periscope
which is used in submarines.
4. They are also used to make kaleidoscope, a
toy which produces beautiful patterns.
5. They are also used in various scientific
instruments.
 6.They are placed on the inside walls of the
shops ,lifts     
 7. They are placed at the blind turns of some
busy roads so that the drivers can see the
vehicles coming from the other side to prevent
from the accidents. 
What is Refraction?
•Refraction takes place at the boundary of separation
of the two media.
     
•When light travels from one transparent medium to
another transparent medium, it bends from its
original path.

•The phenomenon of bending of light is called

refraction

For example, your spectacles that help with reading or

seeing far-off objects work on this principle.

Refraction is also commonly seen in prisms. You can

see light splitting and emerge out in its basic colours,
Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red
(VIBGYOR).
Dispersion
Dispersion of light through a prism:
•The splitting of white light into its
constituent colours (VIBGYOR) as it
passes through a refracting medium
is known as dispersion.

•A spectrum is the band of colours

obtained on a screen when white
light passes through a prism and
splits into its constituent colours.
     
Rainbow
Rainbow is produced due to
the dispersion of white light
by small raindrops hanging
in the air after the rain.

•Each raindrop acts as a

prism.

•The dispersed light forms a

continuous band of seven
colours, red on the outer
side and violet on the inner
WORKING OF AN EYE
Persistence of Vision

An image stays on the retina for about 1/16 of a

second. This feature is called persistence of
vision.

Due to this, when many still images are shown in

a sequence; they give the illusion of moving
images.

Movies and animation are made by exploiting

this property of the human eye
 DEFECTS OF VISION

Myopia:  Hypermetropia:  Cataract: 

A person suffering from A person suffering from The lens becomes cloudy in
myopia finds it difficult hypermetropia finds it a cataract patient and thus
to see a distant object. difficult to see a nearby the person cannot see
This is also called object. This is also clearly. Cataract is treated
short sightedness or called long sightedness. by surgery. In cataract
near sightedness. Spectacles with suitable surgery, an artificial lens is
Spectacles with suitable convex lenses can transplanted in the eye
concave lenses can improve the vision in a
improve the vision in a hypermetropic person.
myopic person.
Care of Eyes

Eyes are very important organ and they are sensitive

too. So, proper care of eyes is very important. Some
tips for care of eyes are as follows:

•Do not read in too bright or too dim light.

•Do not look directly at a bright object or at the sun.
•Do not keep the book too close to your eyes; while
reading. Don’t keep the book too far either.
•If something gets into the eye, do not rub the eye.
Wash it with cold water.
•In case of any problem; like itching or burning
sensation; consult an ophthalmologist. A doctor who
specializes in the disease of eyes is called an
ophthalmologist.
Do eye exercises regularly.