Light

https://youtu.be/Oh4m8Ees-3Q
https://youtu.be/J1yIApZtLos
https://youtu.be/ML7HcZo6IaE
https://youtu.be/k6YYd4vLths
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJu6OOXrRHw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4vYq31cpyc
https://youtu.be/3e-LZPHBA2M
https://youtu.be/qxlT19losBE
https://youtu.be/jjy-eqWM38g
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqwfRVlgGdFB
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAaHPRsveJ
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lic3gCS_bKo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MifvDNjMMqo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mqy7T0KtXV
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRuLhY0NA
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 Old Theories
1. Pythagoras (500 BCE)
Theory- Eye emits special particles and hits
objects
Flaws-
• Long distance
• Exchange of particles with other person
• There will be no night
2. Empedocles (450 BCE)
Light and particles are emitted by both eye and
object.
3. Epicurus (300 BCE)
Light is emitted by sources other than eye, we
see light when light reflects off objects and enters
eye Light source

object

eye
4. Euclid (300 BCE)
Presented law of reflection and propagation of
light rays in straight line
5. Ptolemy (100 CE)
Quantitative studies of the refraction of light.
6. Ibn Al Haytham (1038 CE)
Light experiments, passive reception of light,
studied the mathematical properties of the
reflection of light from spherical and parabolic
mirrors.
https://www.britannica.com/science/light
Middle ages

Bacon (1867 CE)

Studied the propagation of light through simple
lenses and is credited as one of the first to have
described the use of lenses to correct vision
 Laws of reflection
The three laws of reflection are
1. The angle between the incident ray and the
normal is equal to the angle between the
reflected ray and the normal
2. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected
ray are all in the same plane
3. Incident ray and refracted ray are on different
sides of the normal
https://mammothmemory.net/physics/mirrors/flat-
mirrors/the-three-laws-of-reflection.html
Reflection Law

O1
O2

Angle O1 = Angle O2
 Plane mirror
1. Your image is upright.
2. Your image is the same size as you are.
3. Your image is at the same distance as you are from
the mirror.
(Object distance = Image distance)
4. Your left and right sides are interchanged in your
image. So, your left hand becomes the right hand of
your image. When this happens, your image is said
to be laterally inverted.
5. Your image is behind the mirror and cannot be seen
on the screen. Your image is known as a virtual
image.
https://www.aplustopper.com/type-image-formed-by-plane-mirror/
The number of images (N) formed with two plane
mirrors kept at an angle ‘a’ to each other is given
by the formula N = (360/a) – 1
https://www.aplustopper.com/image-reflection-by-plane-mirror/.
 Applications of Reflection
1. Microscope
2. Various meters
3. Parabolic Mirrors
4. Telescope
5. Dentist mirror
6. Corner cubes
https://www.aplustopper.com/application-reflectio
n-of-light-daily-life
/
 Concave mirrors
Properties
• When object is close to the mirror the image
formed in mirror is upright
• If object is at focal point of the mirror then the
image formed gets enormous
• Object gets inverted and become small as it
moves away from the focal point
• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3e-LZPHBA2M&fe
ature=youtu.be
 Convex Mirror
Properties
• Any point away from the mirror the image
formed is upright and virtual
• The image gets smaller as the object moves
away from the mirror
• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxlT19losBE&feat
ure=youtu.be
If magnification is negative then the image formed
will be inverted
 Refraction

O1

Angle O1 > Angle O2

O2
 Snell’s law of Refraction
https://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses
/m309-01a/chu/Fundamentals/snell.htm
 Total Interior Reflection
https://www.aplustopper.com/total-internal-reflecti
on
/

Applications
https://www.aplustopper.com/applications-total-int
ernal-reflection
/
 Total Internal Reflection
Total internal reflection, in physics, complete
reflection of a ray of light within a medium such
as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces
back into the medium. The phenomenon occurs if
the angle of incidence is greater than a certain
limiting angle, called the critical angle.
In general, total internal reflection takes place at
the boundary between two transparent media
when a ray of light in a medium of higher index of
refraction approaches the other medium at an
angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
For a water-air surface the critical angle is 48.5°.
Because indices of refraction depend on
wavelength, the critical angle (and hence the
angle of total internal reflection) will vary slightly
with wavelength and, therefore, with colour. At all
angles less than the critical angle, both refraction
and reflection occur in varying proportions
Which condition is necessary for total internal
reflection?
• Light must travel from denser to rarer medium.
• Light must be incident at an angle more than
the critical angle for the denser medium.
Merit: In total internal reflection 100% light is
reflected, hence images formed are more bright.
In ordinary reflection from mirrors, only 85% light
is reflected, rest 15% is either absorbed by mirror
glass or transmitted due to poor polish. Images
formed by ordinary reflection are less bright.
 Effects of Total Internal Reflection
• Mirage in Deserts
Mirage is an optical illusion seen often in deserts.
• Sparking of Diamonds
A diamond sparkles as the rays of light suffer total
internal reflection at its various faces.
Diamond has a critical angle of 24
 Applications
• Optical Fibres- An optical fibre consists of an
inner core of high refractive index glass and
surrounded by an outer cladding of lower
refractive index.
• In telecommunications, copper cables are now
replaced by fibre optic cables in the telephone
system.
• When light is introduced into the inner core at
one end, it will propagate along the fibre in a
zigzag path undergoing a series of total internal
reflections.
• Optical fibres are useful for getting light to
inaccessible places. They are used in many
important practical applications. This includes
fibre optic diagnostic tools in medicine and fibre
optic cables in telecommunications.
• An endoscope is an instrument made of a fibre
optic cable. It is used by doctors to see the
inside of the human body such as the stomach
and the duodenum.
• Multiple signals can be sent at high speeds
through bundles of fibres by using flashes of
light from a laser.
 Myopia
A condition in which close objects appear clearly,
but far ones don't. Near-sightedness tends to run
in families. Myopia is also known as near-sighted.
Near-sightedness, also known as short-
sightedness and myopia, is an eye disorder
where light focuses in front of, instead of on, the
retina. This causes distant objects to be blurry
while close objects appear normal.
Correction
 Hypermetropia (Hyperopia)
Hypermetropia is also called as Hyperopia and
Farsighted. A vision condition in which nearby
objects are blurry. Hyperopia is a common vision
condition in adults. Far-sightedness, also known
as long-sightedness, hypermetropia, or
hyperopia, is a condition of the eye where distant
objects are seen clearly but near objects appear
blurred. This blurred effect is due to incoming
light being focused behind, instead of on, the
retina wall due to insufficient accommodation by
the lens.
Correction
 Eye lens
Behind the pupil, there is a transparent structure
called a lens. By the action of ciliary muscles, it
changes its shape to focus light on the retina. It
becomes thinner to focus distant objects and
becomes thicker to focus nearby objects
 Prism experiment
• White color is made up of 7 rainbow colors.
• At first Sir Isaac Newton discovered it.
 Dispersion
• Separation of light into 7 colors of rainbow is
known as Dispersion
• Smaller the wavelength larger the bending of
light.
• Larger the wavelength smaller the bending of
light.
• Index of refraction of red light= 1.33
• Index of refraction of blue light= 1.34