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Tension Members
Tension Members
T T
Net Gross
Area (An) Area (Ag)
T-3
Example (T1):
What is the net area An for the tension member
as shown in the figure?
1
Plate 4 (inches) Standard Hole for a 3 -in. diam bolt.
4 4
T T
Paths of failure g
T T T T
on net section
B p s
(a) C B (b)
In the above diagram:
p = Pitch or spacing along bolt line
s = Stagger Between two adjacent bolt lines
(usually s = P/2)
g = gage distance transverse to the loading.
In case (a) above : An = (Gross width – Σ hole dia.) . t
T-5
In case (b) above : An = (Gross width – Σ hole dia.+ Σ s2/4g) . t
Example (T2):
Determine the minimum net area of the plate shown in fig. 3.4.2, assuming
15
in,-diam holes are located as shown:
16
15 1 2.125 ( 2.125)2
2
t t
g ga gb ga gb t
2 2
9½”
1) Path AC:
15 1 9.5"
An = 4.75 2 0.5 3.75 sq.in.
16 16
2) Path ABC:
15 1 (3) 2 (3) 2
An = 4.75 3 0.5 0.5 3.96 sq.in.
16 16 4( 2.5) 4(4.25)
Ae = U An
T-12
When not all elements are connected. Gusset
plate
i) Transverse Weld Connection:-
Ae = UA
6”
U = 1.0 T
A = Area of connected part only
Angle
e.g. A = 6 x 1/2 = 3 in 2
6x4x1/2 Weld
U = 1.0 for L 2 w T w
U = 0.87 for 2w L 1.5 w
U = 0.75 for 1.5w L w Angle
6x4x1/2 L T-13
In bolted connections, the reduction factor (U) is a function
of the eccentricity ( x ) in the connection.
Thus:- x
U 1 0.9 (LRFD - B3.2)
L
Where:
x = distance between centroids of elements to
the plane of load transfer
T-14
Determination of x for U.
LFRD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999
T-15
American Institute of Steel Construction
(Commentary P16.1 – 177 AISC)
For bolted or riveted connections the following values
for (U) may be used:-
a) W, M or S Shapes with flange width ≥ 2/3 depth, and structural tees cut
from these shapes, provided connection to the flanges and has ≥ 3
fasteners per line in the direction of force, U = 0.90.
b) W,M or S Shapes where flanges width < 2/3 depth, and all other shapes,
that has no fewer than 3 fasteners per line, U = 0.85
c) All members having only two fasteners in the line of stress U = 0.75
For short tension members such as Gusset plates the effective net
area equals (An), but must not exceed 0.85 of the gross area (Ag).
T-16
Example (T-4)
Calculate the Ae values of the following section:-
Ag = 4.41 m2 web tk
(iv) w 10 x 33
T-21
(a) welded Connection
Net area = gross area (all sides connected)
= 9.50 in2
Yielding Ft = 0.9 Fy Ag = 0.9 x 60 x 9.50 = 513 k
Fracture Ft = 0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 x 75 x 9.5 = 534 k
(cont.) T-22
Straight section : wn = 9.5 – 2 x 1 18 = 7.25 in.
2 2
(1.75) (1.75)
Zig-Zag = w n 9.5 3 1 81
4 2.5 44 2½”
(2.5+2–0.5)
= 6.62 in. (Controls) 9½”
4”
(thickness)
An = 6.62 x ½ = 3.31 in2 for one L
For 2Ls, An = 3.31 x 2 = 6.62 in2
1.75” 1.75”
All sides connected, U = 1.0, Ae = U.An = 6.62 in 2
Calculation of t Tn :-
(i) Yielding: 0.9 Fy Ag = 0.9 x 60 x 9.50 = 513 k
(fracture
(ii) Fracture:0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 x 75 x 6.62 = 372 controls)
k. T-23
Design is an interactive procedure (trial & error), as we do
not have the final connection detail, so the selection is made,
connection is detailed, and the member is checked again.
Proposed Design Procedure:-
A g Tu
i) Find required (Ag) from factored load 0.9Fy.
Tu
ii) Find required (Ae) from factored load A e
0.75Fu .
T-25
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6L = 1.2(18) + 1.6(52) = 104.8 kips
Pu 104.8
Required A g 3.235 in.2
0.90Fy 0.90(36)
Pu 104.8
Required A e 2.409 in.2
0.75Fu 0.75(58)
t (Ag)1 (Ag)2
T-31
Example (T-8):-
Select a pair of MC as shown to carry a factored ultimate load
of 490 kips in tension. Assume connection as shown. Steel Fy = 50 ksi,
Fu = 65 ksi (A572, grade 50) length = 30 ft.
10” 2MC
1. Tu = 490 k; per channel, Tu = 245 k
2. Required, (Ag)1 = 245 / 0.9 x 50 = 5.44 in2
Required, (Ae) = 245 A/ e0.75 x 65 = 5.03 in2
Required, (An) = U
= 5.03 in2
7/8” bolt U = 1.0 (Well connected)
3. Assume that flange thickness ~ 0.5 in and web tk. ~ 0.3 in. (experience !)
An = (Ag)2 – 2 x 1.0 x 0.5 – 2 x 1.0 x 0.3
= (Ag)2 – 1.60
(Ag)2 = An + 1.60 = 5.03 + 1.60 = 6.63 in. T-32
(controls)
l 30 12
4. Required. rmin = 1.2 in (as a buildup section)
300 300
rmin ≥ 1.2
6. Check capacity
y
An = 7.35 – 2 x 1.0 x 0.575 – 2 x 1.0 x 0.38
= 7.35 – 1.910 = 5.44 in2. x x
Ae = 5.44 in2.
y
(i) Yielding Tn = 0.9 x 50 x (2 x 7.35) = 661.5 k
(ii) Fracture Tn = 0.75 x 65 x (2 x 5.44) = 530.4 k
Pn = 530.4 k > 490 k. OK
T-33
Use 2 MC 10 x 25
For built-up members, tie plates are required to make the
members to behave as a single unit.
300 1.0
Max. l ft 25.0ft 30ft. (N.G.)
12
T-34
Therefore one tie-plate at middle must be used.
Note:
15'