LECTURE 3

Combinational Circuit and Sequential Circuit

INTRODUCTION
• Combinational Circuits
• A circuit in which the output depend on the present state of a
combination of the logic inputs is called as combinational circuits.
• These circuits do not consider past state of inputs.
• Logic gates are the basic building blocks of these circuits.
• Eg. Multiplexers, demultiplexers
INTRODUCTION
Sequential Circuits
• A circuit in which the output depends on both the present state and
past state of input is called as sequential circuit.
• Flip-flops are the basic building block of a sequential circuit.
• Sequential circuits have a memory unit which stores the past state of
inputs.
• Sequential circuits can be synchronous or asynchronous.
Combinational Circuits
• Half Adder
Half Adder
Combinational Circuits Contd…
• Full Adder
Combinational Circuits
• Half Subtractor
Combinational Circuits
• Full subtractor
Combinational Circuits
• Multiplexer
• A multiplexer or data selector, is a combinational circuit having multiple input
line, select lines and one output line.
• Further, multiplexers integrated circuits have ENABLE input, which has to be
activated to perform the multiplexer operation.
• In multiplexer depending upon select lines the binary data present on inputs is
passed to the output line.
• If there are n select lines, then the maximum input lines are 2^n and the
multiplexer is referred to as a -to-1 multiplexer or ×1 multiplexer.
MUX
Quick Poll
 The number of control lines for a 8 – to – 1 multiplexer is
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Quick Poll
A 4:1 Demux has _________ input and __________ outputs.
A. 1,4
B. 4,1
C. 2,4
D. 4,2
Quick Poll
Quick Poll
Quick Poll
Quick Poll
Demultiplexer
• A demultiplexer is a combinational circuit which is having one input,
outputs and n select lines.
• The demultiplexer passes the binary data present on the input to any of
the outputs depending upon the select lines.
• The output line in which data is passed is decided by the select line.
Demultiplexer
Demultiplexer
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Encoder
• A digital circuit that generate the binary code corresponding to the
input value called as an encoder.
• It has input lines and n output lines.
ENCODER
Decimal to BCD Encoder
Decimal to BCD Encoder
Decimal to BCD Encoder Truth Table
Question
• What is Truth Table btw?
• What is the difference between encoder and multiplexer?
Decoders
• Decoder is a combinational circuit that decodes the data from n input
lines to 2^n outputs.
• If three inputs are available in the decoder eight outputs will be
available in the decoder which is known as 3-to-8 decoder.
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Sequential Circuits
Defination
• A circuit in which the output/outputs depend on both the present state
and past state of input is called as sequential circuit.
• Flip-flops are the basic building block of a sequential circuit.
• Sequential circuits have a memory unit which stores the past state of
inputs.
• Sequential circuits can be synchronous or asynchronous.
Latches and Flip-flops
• Just as gates are the building blocks of combinatorial circuits, flip-flops
are the building blocks of sequential circuits.
• Gates are built directly from transistors and flip-flops are built from
latches.
• The output of latches and flip-flops depends not only on the current
inputs but also on previous inputs and outputs.
• One of the contrasting features between a latch and a flip-flop is that
a latch does not have a clock signal, whereas a flip-flop always has
clock signals.
Latches
• A latch is a device with exactly two stable states and these states are
high-output and low-output.
• A latch has a feedback path, to retain the information. Hence, latches
can be memory devices and can store one bit of data.
• As the name suggests, latches can be used to “latch onto” information
and store it in the required place.
SR Latch ( SET- Reset Latch)
• An SR latch is an asynchronous device.
• An SR latch does not depend on control signals but depends only on
the state of the S and R inputs.
• An SR latch can be constructed by two NOR or Two NAND gates with a
cross-feedback loop.
• In a simple SR latch circuit,the inputs S and R represents ’set’ and
reset.
• The current output of a latch is dependent on the state of the latch.
SR Latch using NOR/NAND gates
NOR Implementation NAND Implementation
Flip-flops
• Latched are asynchronous elements, which means that the output
varies when the input changes.
• But most computers have synchronous elements.
• Synchronous elements are the elements in which the outputs of all
the sequential circuits change simultaneously according to the clock
signal.

• A flip-flop is therefore a synchronous version of the latch.

Clock Signal
• What is a clock?

• What is the significance of the clock in digital electronic or digital

system design?
Set-Reset (SR) Flip-flop
• The SR flip-flop has two inputs namely, a ‘Set’ input and a ‘Reset’
input. The two outputs of SR
• flip-flop are: the main output Q and its complement Q
Set-Reset (SR) Flip-flop
JK Flip-flop
• In JK flip-flop, apart from the states of its inputs, the output is
determined by its present output state as well.
• In the JK flip-flop, the ‘S’ input is called the ‘J’ input and the ‘R’ input is
called the ‘K’ input.
• The output of the JK flip-flop does not change if both ‘J’ and ‘K’ are ‘0’.
However, if both the inputs are ‘1’, then the output toggles to its
complement.
JK Flip-flop
D Flip-flop ( Delay Flip Flop)
• The D flip-flop is a clocked flip-flop with a single digital input ‘D’.
• Every time a D flip-flop is clocked, its output follows the state of ‘D’.
D Flip-flop ( Delay Flip Flop)
T Flip-flop ( Toggle Flip Flop)
• The T flip-flop is also known as toggle flip-flop.
• It is a modification of the JK flip-flop.
• The T flipflop is obtained by connecting both inputs of a JK flip-flop
that is, T flip-flop is obtained by connecting the inputs ‘J’ and ‘K’
together.
• When T = 0, both AND gates are disabled. Hence, there is no change
in the output.
• When T= 1, the output toggles.
T Flip-flop ( Toggle Flip Flop)
Registers
• Flip-flops are binary cells that are capable of storing one bit
information.
• The group of flipflops can be used to store a word, which is called
register.
• Since flip flops can store 1-bit information, an n-bit register has a
group of n flip-flops and is capable of storing binary information
containing n-bits.
Data Registers
• Data register is the simplest type of register that is used for the
temporary storage of a data word.
• In its simplest form, it consists of a set of n-D flip-flops, which share a
common clock pulse.
• All the digits that are present in the n-bit data word are connected to
the data register by an n-line data bus.

• What is bus?
Four bit data register
• A four bit data register, implemented with four D flipflops.
Four bit data register
• Since all the flip-flops change state at the same time, the data register
can be called as a synchronous device.
• The number of flip-flops in a register determines its total storage
capacity.
• Therefore, when the first clock pulse arrives, the binary information
will be stored.
Shift Register
• Another common form of register used in many types of logic circuits
is shift register.
• It is a set of flip-flops (usually D latches or S-R flip-flops) connected
together in a series such that the output of one becomes the input of
the next, and so on.
• It is called a shift register because the data is shifted through the
register by one bit position on each clock pulse.
Shift Register Type-I
Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register (SISO)
Shift Register Type-I
Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register (SISO)
• During the first clock pulse, the signal on the data input is latched in
the first flip-flop.
• During the next clock pulse, the contents of the first flip-flop are
stored in the second flip-flop, and the signal which is present at the
data input is stored in the first flip-flop, and so on.
• Because the data is entered one bit at a time, we call it as a serial-in
shift register.
• If there is only one output, and data leaves the shift register one bit at
a time, then it is also a serial-out shift register.
Limitation of SISO??
• Propagation delay
• speed
Shift Register Type-II
Serial-In Parallel Out Shift Register
(SIPO)
Shift Register Type-III
Parallel In Parallel Out Shift Register
(PIPO)
Shift Register Type-III
Parallel In Parallel Out Shift Register
(PIPO)
Can you imagine….what is the advantage of using PIPO?
Counters (Count External Events)
• A counter is a register which is capable of counting the number of clock
pulses arriving at its clock input.
• There are two types of counters:
- Synchronous
- Asynchronous
• If a common clock is connected to all of the flip-flop i.e. they are clocked
simultaneously : Synchronous counter
• If the first flip-flop is clocked by the external clock pulse and then each
successive flip-flop is clocked by the Q or Q output of the previous flip-
flop : Asynchronous counter
Counters (Count External Events)

Why Asynchronous counters are also called Ripple Counters?

Synchronous Counters
Asynchronous Counters