Patterns of

Development 2
Reading and Writing
Objectives
To be able to learn the following patterns
of development: Comparison and contrast,
cause and effect, problem-solution, and
persuasion
And to be able to use these patterns of
development In writing
Comparison and
Contrast
Comparison and Contrast
 Comparison In writing is discussing the
elements that are similar, while Contrast
discusses elements that are different.
 In order to compare and contrast properly, Compare
the writer should be fair and balanced with
the treatment of the composed or
contrasted items. Contrast
 Then, use expressions of comparison such
as “like”, “similar” to”, and “the same” as
and contrasting terms like “unlike” and
“dissimilar” so that readers will know
whether you are comparing or contrasting.
Comparison
and Contrast
clue words.
The clue words of
contrasting and
comparing are distinct
and different form each
other, in the next slide
will show an example on
how to use them in a
sentence.
Comparison and Contrast
 Comparison
 Red and plump apples are very sweet, While Granny smiths are tart and acidic.
 Alice was a skilled huntswoman when she was young. Her daughter, Amelia is the same
and is very skilled in hunting at a very young age.

 Contrast
 Jonathan is a wise young man, on the other hand his friend Frank is naïve and foolish
 Jonathan might be smarter than his friend, but Frank is the friendliest of the two.
Cause and effect
Cause and effect
 In writing Cause and Effect discourse,
the writer use analysis to examine the
reasons for and the outcomes of the
situations.
 One’s analysis of cause should contain
explanations that appeal to logic and
reason.
 There are three categories of Causation:
contributory cause, necessary cause,
sufficient cause.
Three types of causation

 Contributory Cause
 This kind of cause helps an event to happen but cannot make that said event to happen by
itself
 Example: Poverty as a contributory factor in violent crimes.

 Necessary cause
 This type of cause is one that must be present but cannot cause the event by itself.
 Example: If a ship collides with an iceberg, it can be contributory to the sinking of the ship but it
alone does not necessarily cause the ship’s sinking.

 Sufficient Cause
 This is one that produce a given effect. It is the main Cause that led to a certain event
 Example: A person drops dead after eating durian candies contaminated with botulism toxin
Clue words
for Cause and
Effect
This words and Phrases
are examples being used
in writing cause and
effect. In the next slide
we will use this words and
phrases in a sentence.
Examples of Cause and Effect
 Lana did not pass her exams
this semester, because she did
not study nor listened during
classes
 Mark was successful in his new
business, this is the result of his
hard work, dedication and
opportunities that he put into
his business
Examples of Cause and Effect
 Lana did not pass her exams
this semester, because she did
not study nor listened during
classes
 Mark was successful in his new
business, this is the result of his
hard work, dedication and
opportunities that he put into
his business
Problem-Solution
Problem-solution
 In this type of writing, a problem is shown and suggested solutions are given.
 The writer should draw ideal solutions to a given problem using rational logic and
facts to support the solution.
Problem-
Solution clue
words
This words are used and
can be found in writing
Problem-solution
sentences. Examples from
these words will be shown
in the next slide.
Problem-Solution Examples
 If you are having trouble reaching
the jar on the top of the shelf,
then grab a ladder to help you
reach it.
 We are having trouble in solving
this equation, this could be solved
by following the formula or to use
the calculator.
Problem-Solution Examples
 If you are having trouble reaching
the jar on the top of the shelf,
then grab a ladder to help you
reach it.
 We are having trouble in solving
this equation, this could be solved
by following the formula or to use
the calculator.
Persuasion
 Persuasion
 In the persuasive discourse, the
writer hopes to reaffirm the
point of view of those who have
the same conviction as his and
to change the perspective of
those who have opposite view.
 This is the process by which a
person’s attitude or behavior
are, without duress, influenced
by communications from other
people.
The three elements of
Persuasion
 Aristotle determined that in
persuading others this compose
of a combination of three
appeals: Logos, pathos, and
Ethos. The persuasion Triad.
 Anyone who wants to persuade a
listener should tailor their
message with Facts(logos),
tapping the audiences’ emotion
(pathos), and presenting their
apparent moral standing (ethos)
Examples of each elements
 Logos
 It is common sense that people deserves equality in any regard in our society, then why
then I was denied the right to lead because of my disability?
 Pathos
 I have been suffering from Deafness and vision impairment all of my life. But every time, I
showed everyone that despite all of this I can still achieve many great things.
 Ethos
 And despite of my disabilities I graduated as a lawyer and have 2 decades of experience in
the court under my name and 9 years of public service as a sangguniang bayan member of
our town. That is why I am eligible to at least have the right to run for mayor of our town.
Summary
Summary
 Comparison and contrasting
 Comparison In writing is discussing the elements that are similar, while Contrasting
discusses elements that are different.
 Cause and effect
 It is analyzing the Cause that is given and drawing conclusion from those causes with
rational logic.
 Problem-solution
 It is the act of drawing an ideal solution based on facts and logic to solve the problem.

 Persuasion
 This writing requires you to persuade others or to reaffirm their beliefs that aligns with
yours while using Facts(logos), the audiences’ emotion(pathos) on the topic and your
credibility(ethos) about said topic
1. This kind of cause helps an event to happen but
cannot make that said event to happen by itself
a) Contributory cause
b) Necessary cause
c) Sufficient cause
2. This type of cause is one that must be present
but cannot cause the evet by itself.
a) Contributory cause
b) Necessary cause
c) Sufficient cause
3. This is one that produce a given effect. It is the main Cause
that led to a certain event
a) Contributory cause
b) Necessary cause
c) Sufficient cause

4. In this writing, you are discussing elements with similar

qualities
d) Comparisons
e) Contrasting
f) similarity

5. You differentiate the elements that are different

g) Comparison
h) Contrasting
i) difference
• 6.) Problem-solution in writing is the act of
giving an ideal solution to a given problem
based on rational logic.
• True
• False
• 7.) Persuasion is trying to convince and
reaffirm the belief of others to be aligned
with yours
• True
• False
• 8.) Logos is the element of persuasion in which you
consider the emotions of your audience in persuading
them.
• True
• False
• 9.) Pathos is the element of persuasion in which you
build your persuasion with facts and logic.
• True
• False
• 10.) Ethos is the element of persuasion in which you
prove your credibility in your topic to your audience.
• True
KEY ANSWER:
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. F
10. T