Valves

TYPES, SELECTION & SIZING

 Valves – Mechanical Device to control Flow of Fluid and Pressure

Valve Function

Lever

Handle Gear

Regulating Relieving Manual

Varying
Stopping Controlling downstream component
(throttling)
and starting the direction system or or piping
the amount
fluid flow of fluid flow process over
of fluid flow
pressure pressure

Method of
Operation
PSV Pneumatic
Auto
Response to
Valve Motion System
Automatic
Hydraulic
Condition
Check Valve Electric
Linear Rotary
Basic Type of Valves

• Linear Motion
• Stop or Start Fluid
• Straight Through Flow
Gate Valves • No resistance to flow when Fully
Opened – Little Pressure Drop

• Linear Motion
Globe Valves • Start, Stop, Regulate Fluid Flow
• Z-body, Y-body, Angle body

• Rotational Motion
• Quick Acting
Butterfly Valves • Good Regulating Characteristics
• Compact Design

• Rotational Flow
• Straight Through Flow
Ball Valves • Quick Acting – Quarter Turn Actuator
• Planetary Gear Actuators

• prevent the flow reversal

• activated by the flowing material pipe
• pressure of fluid passing through the
Check Valves system opens it, while any reversal of
flow will close the valve
 Basic Parts of Valves

• 3rd Primary Pressure Boundary

Disk
Body Bonnet o
Trim • Provides the capability for permitting and prohibiting fluid flow

o o Second Pressure Internal Elements –

Primary Pressure
Boundary of valve Disc, Seat, Stem & • provides the seating surface for the disk.
Boundary of Valve • Two Types
o o Supports valves Sleeves • the body is machined to serve as the seating surface and seal rings are not used.
Resists Fluid Seat
o Basic Motion & • Forged seal rings are threaded or welded to the body to provide the seating
Pressure from internals & surface.

accessories as stem, Flow Control are

connecting Loads
disk & actuator possible because of
it. • Connects Actuator & Disc
Stem • Responsible for Positioning
Framework that • Two Types – Rising Stems & Non-Rising Stems
Cover for Opening 3rd Principal
contains Valves
in the Valve Body Pressure Boundary • Operates the Stem & Disk Assembly
Trims Actuator
• Method of Operation
• Manual – Handle, Lever, Gear Operated
• Automatic – Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Electric
• Auto Response to System Condition – PSVs, Check Valves

• To prevent leakage from the space between the stem and the bonnet
Valve Packing • Commonly a fibrous material (flax) or another compound (Teflon)
• Must be properly compressed to avoid leakage
Valve End Connections

• For small Applications, up to 4 in.

• Can be stripped & leaked
Threaded • Should not be used with corrosive services as thread can fail or become inseparable
Ends

• When zero leakage required

Welded Ends

• Best from installation & removal standpoint

Flanged
Ends

ASME 16.10: Dimensions for Face-to-Face (Flanged

Ends) and End-to-End (Welded Ends) for the Valves
Selection of Valves
Service
Characteristics

Fluid
Fluid Type
Characteristics

Liquid (2-
Gas Clean Service Dirty Service
Phase Inc.)

Steam Slurry Dirty Abrasive

Function
Required Solids Sandy

Slurry Service Solids

Hazardous & Corrosive

Selectio Flammable Service

n Hazardous &
Flammable
Toxic
Criteria Material Substances

Valve Service Viscous Fouling

Service Service
Cost Type
Solidifying
Service

Pressure & Operation &

Temp Maintenance
Limitations Requirement

Fire
Operability
Resistance

Leak
Maintainability
Tightness

Storage &
Commissioning Pipeline Req.
Material Selection

Basic Factors Considerations

Corrosion-resistance
Thermal shock Piping Stress Fire Hazard
Requirement

Materials Typically Used Polyvinyl

Ductile Iron Carbon Steel Cast Iron Stainless Steel Brass Bronze Chloride (PVC)
plastic

Body Materials
Large Valves – Cast iron, cast ductile iron or cast steel as
Small Valves – Brass, Bronze or forged steel
required for the pressure & service

Seat & Valve Disk (Trim) Material

Usually constructed of the same material selected to meet the service requirements
Common ASTM Materials for Valves, Body & Bonnet
Sizing of Valves

ASME B 16.34 - Pressure-Temperature Ratings, Dimensions, Tolerances, Materials, Nondestructive Examination Requirements, Testing,
and Marking for Certain Types of Valves made from Steel, Nickel-based Alloys and some other materials listed.
ASME B 16.10
Deals with valve sizing according to pressure temperature rating and selection of material
Testing

• API 598 – Valve Inspection & Testing • Fire Safety

• Covers Non Metallic-Seated, Resilient-Seated, and
Metal-Seated Valve testing and examination. The API
598 test pressures for steel valves must be specified
using the steel valve pressure ratings contained in
ASME B16.34.
• Pressure Testing & Leakage
• Visual Examination - Assure compliance with all
applicable standards
Acceptable levels for leakage through the test
valve and external leakage after exposure to a fire
for a 30-minute time period.
For fire safe valves API 6FA and 607 are generally
followed.
• API 6FA – designated for all valves
• API 607 – Quarter-Turn Valves and Valves
Equipped with Nonmetallic seats

• Shell Test - Validate the soundness of the pressure • Corrosive/ Sour Service
containing structures within the valve
NACE MR0175 compliance of material required incase
• Backseat Test – Verify leakage through stem or of sour environment.
shaft of the seal Sour Environment: Presence of corrosive atmosphere
like H2S, CO2 etc.
• Closure Test – Verify Leakage through closure
mechanism
Requirements:
Shell Test - Gate, Globe, Plug, Check, Floating Ball, and Butterfly
and Trunnion Mounted Ball Valves.

Backseat Tests - Gate and Globe Valves.

Closure Tests - Gate, Globe, Plug, Check, Floating Ball, and

Butterfly and Trunnion Mounted Ball Valves, with the type (low-
or high-pressure) depending on the valve size and class.
Seat Leakage