Reading and Writing Skills

Senior High School Module

First Edition 2021

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Published by the Department of

Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis
Briones Undersecretary: Lorna Dig Dio

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Regional Management
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IV
 SH
S
Reading and
Writing Skills
Module

This book was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators

from public and private schools, colleges and universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@ deped.gov.ph.

Department of Education
Republiic of the Philippines
 I OVERVIEW

In this lesson, the students will understand how hypertext and intertextuality
contribute to the context of reading. Knowledge of the text’s context helps in
appreciating the text’s message more deeply. At the end of this module, students will
be able to identify the context of text development with the use of hypertext and
intertextuality.

II PRE-ASSESSMENT

Determine whether the statement is true or false. Write your answer on

the blank provided before each number.

1. Context is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical and

other related circumstances that surround the text.
2. Context does not consider the time and place in which the text was
written.
3. A text with embedded links in it is called a hypertext.
4. Hypertext is the connection of the text to other texts.
5. Hypertext allows the reader to jump from the original text to another
connected text using a link; hence, hypertext can be read in a nonlinear
manner.
6. Intertextuality depends on the schema or prior knowledge of the
reader.
7. Intertext is written in a non-linear manner while hypertext is written
in a linear manner.
8. Intertext cannot refer to other culture or themes or characters or
topics within the same text.
9. A pastiche is a text written in a way that it imitates the style or other
properties of another text, without mocking the text, as a parody.
10. Allusion is when an author directly or indirectly refers to an idea or
passage in another text without actually quoting the text.

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Skills
 III LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After going through this module, the students should be able to:

• understand the concept of hypertext and intertextuality;

• obtain information in a customized way through hypertext; and
• make connections between a text and the context in which the text is
developed.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY AND DURATION

› Identify the context in which a text was developed (EN11/12R- WS-

IVac-7)
a. Hypertext
b. Intertext
› 4 hours/1 week

IV CONTENT

Identifying the Context of Text Development

Being a critical reader also involves understanding that texts are always
developed with a certain context. A text is neither written nor read in a vacuum; its
meaning and interpretation are affected by a given set of circumstances. Thus,
context, is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other
related circumstances that surround the text and form the terms from
which it can be better understood and evaluated. Knowledge of the text’s context helps
in appreciating the text’s message more deeply.

In discovering a reading’s context, you may ask questions like:

• When was the work written?

• What were the circumstances that produced it?
• What issue does it deal with?

Another important technique in analyzing the context of a text’s development

in defining its intertextual link to another text. Intertextuality is the modeling of
a text’s meaning by another text. It is defined as the connections between
language, images, characters, themes, or subjects depending on their similarities
in language, genre, or discourse. This is seen when an author borrows and transforms
a prior text, or when you read one text and you reference another. This view
recognizes that the text is always influenced by previous text

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 and in turn anticipates future texts. A text contains many layers of accumulates
cultural, historical, and social knowledge, which continually adds to and affects
another. Thus, intertextuality becomes a dialogue among different texts and
interpretations of the twitter, the audience, and the current and earlier cultural
contexts.

Take, for instance, the local legend of folk hero Bernardo Carpio. Many
versions of his tale exist, but local folklore says he is a giant who is the cause of
earthquakes. In Greek mythology, there is also Poseidon, who is the god of the sea
and earthquakes. Many cultures, also attribute natural disasters to legendary figures.
This is an example of intertextuality.

Intertextuality is also seen in the story of “Tall Story” by Candy Gourlay. This
is the story of a British-Filipina teenager who meets Bernardo, her long-lost half-
brother. Bernardo turns out to be eight feet tall and suffers from gigantism. However,
the people from his village believe he is the legendary giant who has come to save
everyone from earthquakes. The inspiration of the Bernardo Carpio myth is clear in
this story and creatively updated to make more appealing to modern and foreign
audiences.

Meanwhile, hypertext is a relatively new way of reading a text online.

Traditionally, reading was viewed as a linear process, where you read from the
beginning until the end. However, the advent of the internet and technology has
created new ways of reading and processing a text, which includes hypertext.

Hypertext, therefore, is a nonlinear way of showing information.

Hypertext connects topics on a screen to related information, graphics, videos, and
music – information is not simply related to text. This information appears as links
and is usually accessed by clicking. The reader can jump to more information about a
topic, which in turn may have more links. This opens up the reader to a wider horizon
of information or to a new direction.

A reader can skim through sections of a text, freely jumping from one part to
another depending on what aspect of the text interests him/her. Thus, in reading with
hypertext, you are given more flexibility and personalization because you get to select
the order in which you read the text and focus on information that is relevant to your
background and interests. Therefore, you create your own meaning out of the
material.

For example, you are doing research about the Philippine eagle. A quick
Google search would lead you to a Wikipedia article on it. Information on it would
include a picture and a brief written description. While reading about the Philippine
eagle, you will also encounter links to its conservation status. This may lead you to
more information about conservation efforts. However, if you were interested in the
appearance of the Philippine eagle because you wanted to sketch it for your art class,
the same page would provide its physical description and even give you links to
pictures and videos of the Philippine eagle. Thus depending on your purpose and
interests, the article on the Philippine eagle could lead you to a variety of different,
detailed paths.

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 V EXERCISES

A. Search the internet for three references for each topic. Start reading and list down
the highlighted text and its corresponding URL if you decide to click on a
particular link:

Topic References

a.
1. Climate change b.
c.

a.
2. Social media b.
c.

a.
3. Bullying b.
c.

a.
4. Study habits b.
c.

Compare your list with your classmates. How similar or different are
yours compared to theirs?

Explain briefly why you came up with your sequence of links.

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 VI ACTIVITY

Directions: Make a parody of a song of your choice. The song can be anything
under the sun. Write the lyrics of your parody and the title of the song on a short bond
paper. Submit it on our next meeting.

VII SUMMARY

Hypertext is when you type a word and attach a link to that word so that
upon clicking on that word, the reader is sent to the site attached. It is the
foundation of the World Wide Web enabling users to click on link to obtain more
information on a subsequent page on the same site or from website anywhere in the
world. While intertextuality is a literary device that creates an ‘interrelationship
between text’ and generates related understanding in separate works. It is also the
shaping of a text’s meaning by another text.

VIII POST
ASSESSMENT

Directions: Identify the development of the context in the music video, “Love Story”
by Taylor Swift. State in your paper if it employed hypertext or intertextuality.
Explain why.

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