SPORT

S
SPORTS

• Come from the Old French desport meaning “leisure”, with

the oldest definition in English from around 1300 definitions,
being “anything humans find amusing or entertaining”.
• Includes all forms of competitive physical activity or games
which, through casual or organized participation, aim to use,
maintain or improve physical ability and skills while
providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases,
entertainment for spectators.
SPORTS

• Is usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to

ensure fair competition, and allow consistent adjudication of the
winner.
• Is about a range of specific activities which involves competition
and requires physical conditioning and skills. A good way to
define it would be to say, "It is a structured physical activity,
usually competitive, that requires complex skills and a high level
of individual commitment and motivation". Let's look at what this
mean:
SPORTS

• Structured physical activity - structured means it is organized.

All sports have governing bodies that set rules and arrange
events. It also requires physical preparation to some extent
• Competitive - all sport has a competitive element, either
between individual and team.
• Requires complex skills - skills have to be learned for an
individual to become a performer. Basic skills have to be learned
first, which are later developed into more complex skills.
SPORTS

• High level of individual commitment and motivation - top

athletes get to where they are by training for long hours for
many years and often have to make sacrifices. This of course
leads to rewards, such as winning, a sense of achievement,
prize money or wages, which make all the hard work
worthwhile.
COMMON FEATURES OF SPORTS

• Competition between individual or team

• Physical activity
• Winners and losers (in some sports you can have a draw)
• Rules to ensure fair competition
• A special place to play (e.g., a pitch, court, or ring)
• Special equipment
• There have been many attempts to divide sport into groups.
Let's examine a few:
• Game - in this group of sports, you win by out-thinking your
opponents, dominating territory, and scoring in some way
(coincidence, anticipation, avoidance) e.g. Soccer, Hockey,
Badminton etc.
• Gymnastic - in this group of sports, you win by producing
movements which are performed as perfectly as possible
• when compared to a pre-set standard (movement
replication), which are marked by judges, e.g. gymnastics,
trampoline, etc.
• Athletic - in this group of sport you win by producing more
power than your opponents (power optimization), e.g.
running, jumping, weightlifting, etc.
• Specific sports in each of the three types can be analyzed by
investigating their;
• Structure (rules and organization)
• Strategies (plans made to win)
• Techniques
• Physical demands of the sport (fitness, energy systems, etc.)
• Psychological demands of the sport (skill, anxiety control,
goal setting etc.)
 NATURE OF THE DIFFERENT SPORTS ACTIVITIES (INDIVIDUAL, DUAL AND TEAM SPORTS)

• Individual Sports - there are certain sports, such as golf,

bowling, and tennis that, for the most part, are considered
individual sports, which are sports played alone without
teammates.
• Badminton* Golf *Surfing
• Bowling * Track and Field *Swimming
• Boxing *Figure skating
• Cycling * Wrestling
 NATURE OF THE DIFFERENT SPORTS ACTIVITIES (INDIVIDUAL, DUAL AND TEAM SPORTS)

Dual and team sports may seem different, but many of their
strategies are similar, and participating in one can help
strengthen skills in another.
Dual vs. Team sports
As the late, great, world-renowned sportscaster Jim McKay
said during the opening of his Wide World of Sports program,
sports provide "the thrill of victory and the agony of defeat".
 NATURE OF THE DIFFERENT SPORTS ACTIVITIES (INDIVIDUAL, DUAL AND TEAM SPORTS)

Both dual and team sports are about competing against an

opponent with the ultimate goal to win.
•Is one that participate in more than one sport. They may be
on the basketball team as well as the football team or any
other possible combination.
•Is a sports you play against someone else, example Tennis,
football, snooker.
 NATURE OF THE DIFFERENT SPORTS ACTIVITIES (INDIVIDUAL, DUAL AND TEAM SPORTS)

Team Sports
Includes any sport where individuals are organized into
opposing team which compete to win. Team members act
together towards a shared objective. This can be done in a
number of ways such as outscoring the opposing team.
Basketball Baseball Water polo
Volleyball Cricket Rugby
 OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS

1. To develop the physical fitness by maintaining and increasing

such components as speed, flexibility, muscular strength, muscular
endurance, aerobic capacity and anaerobic capacity;
2. To develop physical literacy through an acquisition of those
levels of skill necessary for efficient body movement and control
in a sporting situation;
3. To develop understanding of the importance of sport in the
pursuit of a healthy and active lifestyle at the College and beyond;
 OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS

4. To provide opportunity to become creative in sporting

activities;
5. To promote an awareness of and an ability to appreciate the
aesthetic qualities of sporting performance and movement;
6. To develop the ability to observe, analyze and judge the
performance of self and peers in sporting situations;
7. To develop an appreciation of the concepts of fair play,
honest competition and good sportsmanship.;
 OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS

8. To develop the capacity to sustain interest in sports and to persevere in

order to achieve success;
9. To prepare each student to participate fully in the competitive, recreational
and leisure opportunities offered outside the school environment;
10. To develop the leadership skills and foster qualities of co-operation,
tolerance, consideration, trust and responsibility when faced with group and
team problem-solving tasks;
11. To develop self-esteem and self-confidence through positive sporting
experiences;
 OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS

12. To consider sports as a means to develop social interaction

and so learn about others as well as themselves;
13. To serve as inspiration for students in order to refresh for
academic work;
14. To promote an understanding of physical and mental well-
being through an appreciation of stress, rest and relaxation;
15. To provide healthy competition through inter-school and
inter-house matches;
 OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS

16. To develop and sustain high quality competitive school

teams with a particular emphasis on the major sports;
17. To provide opportunities for students to excel at sports;
and
18. To ensure that every student can maximize their sporting
potential and find a sports that can be enjoyed and
participated in with some success.
 IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS TO MAN'S LIFE

Sports are important to our life for the following reasons:

1. GOOD HEALTH
You have better health than to those people who do not
engage themselves in any sports. No other activity is as
productive in gaining endurance, strengthening of muscles
and overall physical fitness as sports. If you want to have a fit
body and pleasing and attractive personality, you need to play
sports.
 IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS TO MAN'S LIFE

2. PRODUCTIVE TIME UTILIZATION

By utilizing our free time in playing we do something good. Through
active participation of sports, we can gain good health and better psyche.
3. ACTIVE MIND
Through playing any sports, it increases the sharpness of the mind and
mental strength. We learn how to handle failures with dignity, while
enjoying victories to the maximum. It also trains people to handle crunch
situations, where stress can try and pull them down. All positive traits for
a healthy mind and a healthy person can be gained from sports.
 IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS TO MAN'S LIFE

4.IMPROVES ALERTNESS
Through sports, we learn to be completely alert all the time. It also
provides us the ability to make split second decisions, when you
are required to do so. Playing games actually increases brain
activity; never letting your attention wander and also making you
understand things in more detail. The knowledge, thus, achieved is
not limited to the ground or the court and can be used in making
split second decisions in tough situations posed by life as well.
 IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS TO MAN'S LIFE

5. REDUCE STRESS
Playing sports are the best way to reduce stress. It relaxes our mind
and soul and gives a fresh positive feeling to life.
6. DEVELOP CONFIDENCE & DISCIPLINE
Excelling in sports can boost your self- confidence and while trying to
excel, discipline becomes a part of life. People who engage in sports
know the importance of discipline and the determination to succeed.
They also become dedicated and responsible, in turn, becoming more
successful and confident.
 IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS TO MAN'S LIFE

7.TEAM PLAYER
Most of the popular games are team events and those played
individually also have team versions. Playing team games
makes a person more comfortable with others. It improves the
interpersonal skills and makes a person efficient as a team
player. He generates positive vibes that help him to work in
any scenario with different people, who have different senses
and sensibilities.
 IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS TO MAN'S LIFE

8. CAREER PATH
Sports can also be chosen as a career. Sportspersons are heroes of
national and regional importance who are looked up to. They are
role models for many and are imperative people who do the nation
proud throughout the world. As far as monetary benefits are
concerned, playing sports is today a booming career, given the kind
of money involved. Sportspersons make lots of money through
endorsements and other activities, apart from the money generated
through sports.
 BENEFITS OF SPORTS

Hereunder are some benefits of Sports:

1. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
The best benefit of participation in any sports is physical
activity. It will provide you to be physically active. The more
active you are the greater chance for a better body
composition (less body fat), stronger bones, greater muscular
strength and better endurance.
 BENEFITS OF SPORTS

2. SOCIAL ACTIVITY
Participation in sports can help you develop social skills that
will benefit you throughout your entire lives. You learn to
interact not only with others at your age, but also with older
individuals in your coaches and sports officials. You can learn
leadership skills. team-building skills and communication
skills that will help you in school, their future career and
personal relationships.
 BENEFITS OF SPORTS

3. SELF-ESTEEM
Participation in sports can increase your self-esteem and
confidence. Participation in sports gets praise and
encouragement from coaches and parents, which helps to
build self-confidence and satisfaction in oneself.
 BENEFITS OF SPORTS

4. ACADEMIC SUCCESS
Participation in sports excels in academics as well. You can
learn the principles of dedication and hard work through
participation in sports and apply these to your studies.
According to an article published on the website America,
playing on a high school sports team increases a young
woman's chances of graduating from college by 41 percent.
 BENEFITS OF SPORTS

5. LIFELONG HEALTH
Sports participation promotes health and wellness not only through
childhood but throughout a child's lifetime. "Lifetime" sports are beneficial
because you can continue to play as an adult, benefiting from the physical
activity. People who participate in sports might also be more aware of
healthy food choices. Although sports participation is an excellent avenue
to promote health and wellness, it also encourages healthy living and be
positive role models as well. An enjoyable experience in sports as a youth
can lead to lifetime participation in sports and lead to an active lifestyle as
an adult.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Egyptian Sports
In Ancient Egypt men and women went swimming. Men also
enjoyed boxing, wrestling and archery. They also played a
game which involved standing on a boat and trying to knock
the opposing team into the water with a stick.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

The Olympic Games

• Competitions were held during religious festivals in every
Greek city
• Athletes competed in boxing, wrestling, running, horseracing,
chariot racing and the pentathlon (five athletic events)
• Winners were not given medals. Instead they were given a
crown of leaves.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

The Olympic Games

• Women were not allowed to take part in the games. They
were not even allowed to watch. (If they were caught
watching they were executed by being thrown off a cliff).
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Gladiators
• In Rome and other major cities in the Roman Empire, gladiators
were men (or sometimes women) who fought sometimes to the
death to provide entertainment.
• The first gladiators fought in 264 BC at a funeral. Six gladiators
fought to entertain the guests. The word gladiator means a man who
fights with a gladius (a short sword) and the word for a gladiatorial
fight was a munus, which means a duty owed to the dead.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Gladiators
• In time gladiatorial fights became separated from funerals.
They evolved into public shows put on by rich Roman
politicians to please their supporters. Eventually the Roman
Emperors were expected to put on costly shows to keep the
poor people of Rome happy.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Gladiators
• At first, gladiators were slaves but later some were criminals
who were sentenced to be fight for a set period of time or a
set number of games. Surprisingly some people volunteered
to be gladiators. Again they fought for a set period of time or
number of games and were given a large sum of money if
they survived.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Gladiators
• Ludus - gladiator training school
• Lanista - head was the owner and trainer of gladiators
Types of gladiator
• Thracian who carried a small round shield called a parma
• Retiarius who carried a fishnet and a trident
• Murmillo carried a sword and shield similar to those used by
the Roman soldiers
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Gladiators
• Equites who fought on horsehack with lances
• British gladiators fought from chariots. They were called
essedarii
• Andabatae fought wearing helmets with no eye holes. As
they were blind, they had to listen for their opponent.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Gladiators
• Gladiators also fought animals such as lions and tigers.
• Fights sometimes took place on artifical lakes small ships were
launched on an artificial lake and sea battles called naumachiae were
held on them.
• The people of Rome were also very fond of chariot racing.
• In the Roman Empire larger towns also had an amphitheater where
'sports' such as cock fighting were held and sometimes gladiators fought
to the death.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• In the Middle Ages the main pastime of the upper class was
hunting.
• Golf is believed to be a corruption of a Dutch word "kolve',
which meant club. The Dutch played games with clubs in
the Middle Ages but golf developed in Scotland in the 15th
century. Meanwhile the first recorded bowling green was
laid out in Southampton in the 13th century.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• Even for Medieval peasants life was not all hard work. People
were allowed to rest on Holy days (from which we get our word
holiday). During them poor people danced and wrestled. They also
played a very rough form of football. The men from 2 villages
played on a 'pitch', which might include woods and streams! There
were no rules so broken limbs and other injuries were common.
Furthermore in the Middle Ages people made skates from cow's
shoulder blades and went ice skating.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• People also enjoyed cruel 'sports' like cockfighting and bear
baiting. (A bear was chained to a post and dogs were trained
to attack it).
• From 16th century and 17th century sports the contestants
dressed in armour and rode on horses. They fought with
wooden lances and swords.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• The Tudors also liked wrestling and 'casting the bar', which was
like shot-putting but with an iron bar. They also played billiards but
not snooker, which is a 19th century game.
• Ordinary people played a rough version of football. There were no
rules and the pitch was often a large area including woods and even
streams. It was a very rough game. Injuries like broken limbs were
common. Furthermore cruel 'sports' like cockfighting and bear
baiting were still popular.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• In Tudor times, people learned to swim using bundles of
bulrushes as floats.
• In the 17th century, the traditional games like bowls continued.
So did games like tennis and shuttlecock.
• The wealthy also played a game called pale-maille, Pall Mall in
London gets its name from an area where the game was played.
Furthermore, Charles II also made yachting a popular sport
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• In the 18th century people continued to play tennis and a rough
version of football.
• Horse racing was carried on for centuries before the 18th century. But
during this time, it became a professional sport. The Jockey Club was
formed in 1727. The Derby began in 1780.
• Moreover a kind of cricket was played long before the 18th century
but at that time it took on its modern form. The first cricket club was
formed at Hambledon in Hampshire about 1750.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• In the 18th century many people still watched the cruel 'sports'
like cockfighting and bull baiting. Rich people liked fox hunting.
• Boxing without gloves was also popular (although some boxers
began to wear leather gloves in the 18th century).
• By the early 19th century many people disapproved of cruel
'sports' like bull baiting and cock fighting. Bull baiting was
banned in 1835. Cock fighting followed soon afterwards.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• During the 19th century sports became organized. The London
Football Association devised the rules of football in 1863. The first
international match was held between England and Scotland in
1872. Meanwhile Australian rules football was invented in 1858.
• In 1867 John Graham Chambers drew up a list of rules for boxing.
They were called the Queensberry Rules after the Marquis of
Queensberry. Then in 1880 the Amateur Athletics Association was
founded.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• Several new sports and games were invented during the 19th
century, William Webb Ellis is supposed to have invented Rugby
at Rugby school in 1823 when he picked up a football and ran
with it. Although a form of tennis was played since the Middle
Ages lawn tennis was invented in 1873. Snooker was invented in
India in 1875. Softball was invented in 1887 and Basketball was
invented in 1891 by James Naismith. Volleyball was invented in
1895 by William Morgan Netball also originated in 1895.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• Baseball is believed to have evolved from earlier games but
it became an organized sport in 1845. The National League
was formed in 1876. American football evolved in the late
19th century. The American Professional Football
Association was formed in 1920.
• Ice hockey became an organized sport in the 1870s. The
International Ice Hockey Federation was formed in 1908
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• People have played games with mallets and hoops for centuries but
modern croquet began in the 19th century. Similarly games similar
to badminton have been played since ancient times. However
modern badminton developed in the late 19th century.
• At the end of the 19th century bicycling became a popular sport. The
safety bicycle went on sale in 1885 and in 1892 John Boyd Dunlop
invented pneumatic tyres (much more comfortable than solid rubber
ones!) Bicycling clubs became common.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• In the 19th century Archery was considered a suitable sport
for women. It was considered 'ladylike'. Meanwhile polo is
an ancient game. We are not certain where it was invented
but it was probably played in Persia about 2,000 years ago.
In the 19th century the British learned to play polo in India
and they brought it back to Britain. The first polo club in
Britain was founded in 1872.
 HISTORY OF SPORTS

Sports in the Middle Ages

• In 1896 the Olympic Games were revived. Wrestling, which
had been a popular sport for thousands of years became an
Olympic sport in 1904 and the first Olympic Winter Sports
were held in 1924. Meanwhile the first Tour de France was
held in 1903.