PE – 14 (Fundamentals of Recreational Activities and Sports)

Introduction: Physical Education is based on the premise that the quality and productivity of each individual’s life can be enhanced
through participation of the students.
It promotes physical, mental, emotional and social well-being. Physical education came from the Latin words “physical”,
meaning physics and “education” meaning training.
Almost all athletes and fitness enthusiasts want to improve on their health, strength, flexibility, agility, and physique. They strive
to have better balance, better hand and eye coordination, and become more explosive. These are just some of the basic skills a person
needs to maintain physical fitness and live happily.
Team Sports is based on the quality productivity of each individual. Each person’s skills can be enhanced through a
comprehensive, sequential physical education system that develop physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual well-being. A
physically fit person is one who has mastered the necessary movement skills to participate confidently in various physical activities, and
understands what a healthy life style entail.
Sports education is fundamental to remain healthy and it promotes in many ways, the attitudes and behaviors that reduce
health risks, including appropriate nutrition and exercise.
A well-planned physical education programmed guides students into becoming motivated to attain optimum health through
regular use of new skills and knowledge.
Goals of Games and Sports
Teams Sports are physical activities in which a group of individuals, on the same team, work together to accomplish an
ultimate goal.
Games and Sports have been studied and analyzed by scholars in many disciplines since the 1950s and increasingly since
mid-1970s, when a national and world sports culture developed beyond what anybody could have imagined 100 years ago.
Sports derives from the play impulse in human behavior as do art; by any measure, sports are very much important.
Sports as a form of Play. Most scholars agree that sports are a manifestation of play and comes in institutionalized forms like Volleyball,
Basketball and other related sports.
Moreover, to develop skills in these various areas, students should be encouraged to acquire understanding and knowledge
about the learning outcomes that they develop in accessing, synthesizing and evaluating information, making informed decisions,
enhancing and advocating their own and other’s fitness through health and sports.
A well-planned education program is comprised of an organized set policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect and
promote the health and well-being of students and staff, and the following components:
1. Sports education
2. Physical Fitness
3. Health Services
4. Nutrition Services
5. Safe and Healthy School Environment
6. Parent and Community Involvement

Basic Concepts of Sports

The very elaborations of sports – its internal conventions of all kinds, its ceremonies, its endless meshes, entangling itself-are
for the purpose of training and testing and rewarding the rousing motion within us to find a moment of freedom. Freedom is that state
where energy and order merge and all complexity is purified into simple coherence, a fitness of parts and purpose and passions that
cannot be surpassed and whose goal could be to be itself.
Sports has been a part of civilized societies throughout history. In some cases, as in Greece in fifth century B.C., sports were
of a central importance of culture. At other times, as during the repressive asceticism of Middle Ages, sports were officially frowned on
but still enjoyed by common people in villages and towns. Traditionally, sports, fitness, and physical education have been restricted
primarily to children, youths, and adults. Facilities therefore, have most often been associated with schools, communities, and family
oriented organizations, such as Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA).
Reading Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas
Learning Objectives:

The student should:

• Explain the concept of sports as a form of exercise;

 • Define the concept of play and to explain how it relates to sport;
• Define the concept of game;
• Explain and provide examples of the game-classification system;
• Discuss the several meanings of “competition”;
• Analyze how sports become institutionalized;
• Describe the aesthetic values of sports;
• Discuss sports ethics;
• Demonstrate body conditioning exercises;
• Analyze sports as the major goal of physical education;
• Value the health benefits of sports; and
• Develop good coordination, flexibility and posture, into each varied training.

Chapter 1: Volleyball
Brief History of Volleyball:
As a sport, volleyball was initiated I Holyoke Massachusetts, USA in 1895 by Mr. William G. Morgan, YMCA physical education
director from Massachusetts. He is credited for having created the game way back in 1895. The game has undergone numerous
refinement and changes since, and it was not until 1964 when it became part of the regular program of the Olympic Games. In the
beginning it is called “Mintonette” and eventually changed to “Volleyball” by Dr. Halstead of Springfield, USA because the basic idea of
the game was to volley the ball back and forth over the net.
Volleyball is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind
only soccer among participation sports.
Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man’s head. During
a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and
perhaps “volleyball” would be more descriptive name for the sport. On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of “volleyball”
was played.
In the Philippines, volleyball became popular mainly due to the collegiate leagues. The sport is played by two teams of six
players each in rectangular court divided by net. Each team tries to score by grounding the ball at the team’s side of the court. Today
there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play volleyball at least once
a week.

GAME CHARACTERISTICS:
Volleyball is a sport played by two teams on a playing court divided by a net. There are different versions available for specific
circumstances in order to offer the versatility of the game to everyone. The object of the game is to send the ball over the net in order to
ground it on the opponent’s court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent. The team has three hits for returning the ball (in
addition to the block contact). The ball is put in play with a service: hit by the server over the net to the opponents. The rally continues
until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes “out” or a team fails to return it properly. In Volleyball, the team winning a rally
scores a point (Rally Point System). When the receiving team wins a rally, it gains a point and the right to serve, and its players rotate
one position clockwise.
Basic Movements and Postures in Volleyball

• It is important that both the player and the coach understand the related movement principles.
• Footwork is an integral part of each skill and is paramount to successful execution. Floor defense, attack, and occasionally
blocking require dramatic and specific footwork patterns.
• Serving, forearm passing, and overhead passing require less active movement but still demand precise execution. • Basic
Footwork patterns specific to each skill are described as part of the individual skill. Furthermore, the subtleties of balance and the
related body movement are detailed relative to each skill. In general principles of movement and posture are considered. • It is
important for the players to understand that volleyball differs from other team-ball sports. To control the rebound angle effectively,
the player must arrive at the of contact posture before the ball arrives. In other team-ball sports, the player and the ball can arrive
simultaneously; the player can gain control of the by catching or dribbling it before sending the ball to its next destination. In
volleyball, only striking provides the luxury of simultaneously arrival of the ball.

Reading Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas

Movement Principles - Some general movement principles can be applied at all levels of volleyball skills. Consider the following
guidelines:
1. Move through the ball to the target.
2. When moving, keep the body weight between the feet.
3. Move it quickly.
4. When moving, keep the ball between your floor position and the net. Exception: The designated setter should be between the
 ball and the net.
5. Track the ball at all times when moving.
6. Move into position to play the ball before it arrives.
7. Initiate controlled movement to the ball with the feet.
Posture Principles

• Volleyball is played in three different postures in the low range. The player must dive, collapse, or roll on the floor to retrieve an
opponent’s attack.
• Middle range postures must be assumed to serve, forearm pass, and overhead pass effectively.
• High range posture is used when jumping to attack, block, and jump set.
Officiating and Coaching the Game

• Understanding the learning process – before you can teach effectively, you must understand how people learn. Both coach and
players, must have an understanding in why they are involved in the activity or game.
• Mental or Beginning Stage – develop an understanding of the concepts, principles, and mechanics involved in the skill. •
Practice or Intermediate Stage – the focus in this stage is on learning to perform the skills.
• Developing a Teaching Plan – to meet the needs of the players in each of the phases of learning.
• Assessing Fitness and Skill Level of Players – ability to adapt your teaching methods and expectations to the appropriate level of
players.
• Planning Practices
- Warming up
- Reviewing previously taught skills
- Teaching and practicing new skills
- Practicing under new competitive conditions
- Cooling Down
• Selecting Drills – Selecting drills is also an important part of planning practices. Once you have decided your objective for a
practice, you must determine what you wish to accomplish in each drill.
Basic Rules in Playing Volleyball
A. Start of the Game
1. The game starts with six players for each team.
2. A toss coin determines the serving and receiving service the game in volleyball.
3. Maximum of three hits per side/team.
4. Points are made on every serve for winning of team of (rally-point scoring)

B. Playing the ball

1. Whenever the player strikes the ball with palms up, his or he fingers must be clenched.
2. The team is always allowed three touches in order to return the ball into the opponent’s side of the net. 3. The team have two rows of
players, with the first row closest to the net and the back row closest to the rear boundary line of the court. 4. The player in the back-
right corner will serve the ball. Players will rotate around the court after a chance service for a new server for each serving game.
5. Serving and Rotation.

C. Time-out
1. Each Team gets two time-outs (30 seconds each) per set.
2. There is No time limit on the games due to rally system scoring.
3. In International competitions two 60 seconds technical time-out is used when the leading team reaches the 8 or 16 point-mark.

D. Scoring
1. Rally point system will be used in all games.
2. A point scored every time the ball hits the court with in the boundaries whenever an error is made.
3. The team who scores 25 points wins a set.
4. Matches are best of five sets. The fifth set is played up to 15 points only.
Reading Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas
E. The Libero
1. The libero is a member of the team wearing a uniform different from the other team members.
2. He or she can replace the player on the back row when the ball is not in play.

Rules in Substitution
1. Substitutes can replace players of the starting line-up only once per set.
2. Substitution must be carried out within the substitution zone located at the extension of both attack lines up to the scorer’s table.
3. Players can re-join the game only in his/her original position.
4. A team player starting line-up may leave the game, but only once in a set, and re-enter also only once in a set., and only to his or her
previous position in line-up.
5. The substitution request must always ready to enter the court, near the substitution zone.

Basic Skills Needed in Playing Volleyball

1. Serving
A. The Underhand Serve

• One foot back, the ball is held in the non-dominant hand.

• The dominant hand makes a fist, the weight moves to the forward foot and the ball is contacted by the fist just behind the center
of the ball.
• This serve is often lumped into the same category as the “granny” free throw shooting style in basketball. Some called it
“cheating” or for amateurs outside of competition.
• While you often see underhand serves by rec leaguers, there is a place for it in games featuring younger athletes. • The
underhand serve can be useful to someone who cannot yet generate the power required to get the overhand serve across the net.
• It’s also valuable to those who have trouble coordinating the timing between the toss and contact with the ball.

B. The Overhand Serve

• This serve is the most common in volleyball.
• The non-dominant hand holds the ball and is extended forward from the shoulder. The ball is tossed up and contacted with the
dominant hand moving from over the head down and through to the waist.
• This serve is popular due to its ability to accommodate power, precision, and a variety of spins.
• The jump, topspin, and float serve to follow are varieties of overhand serves.
• An overhand serve can be manipulated by hand position, follow-through, body position, and swing speed. This flexibility is
essential to developing a successful repertoire of serves to deploy throughout a match.

Reading Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas

C. The Floater
• The steps for an overhand serve take place and then hand contact should be made directly behind the middle part of the
volleyball.
• The arm will follow through but should be stopped before descending toward the waist.
• The aim is to produce no spin while generating power.
• A float serve can be devastating to an unsuspecting or unreliable passer.
• The ball has very little spin, making it susceptible to the forces of air.
• Floaters often move left or right unexpectedly and quickly drop once they lose momentum.

D. The Topspin
• The steps for an overhand serve with a high toss take place then the player should move under the toss and strike the ball from
below.
 • The follow-through should be down with a good wrist snap and then toward the outside of the shoulder. • Topspin
serves get on defensive players quickly and can drop just over the net, putting serve receivers in a bind. • Adding
topspin can be a good way for players who are not as strong as others to put quality power behind the ball.

E. Jump Serves
• The ball is tossed with the non-dominant hand very high and several feet in front of the player.
• An approach is made and the player jumps to attack the ball.
• A firm wrist and abbreviated follow-through help keep control throughout the serve.
• You can implement both topspin and float techniques during a jump serve.
• The jump serve is difficult to execute and comes with lower accuracy.
• However, when done well, it is devastating to try and return.
• The amount of power and spin generated by a good jump serve is difficult for even great serve receivers to handle. 2.

Passing/Hand Setting - Passing is extremely important to team success.

It is crucial that the volleyball pass is learned, not only because you need to be able to pass in order to set and then attack, but also
because it is a very common skill players use during the game.

• The Forearm Pass - Forearm volleyball pass involves hitting the ball in a controlled manner to your teammate. The forearms are
made into a flat platform, positioned ready for the ball to come into contact. The arms aren't necessarily swung when passing.
Swinging the arms will result in a less controlled pass. The technique for forearm passing is more of a total body movement,
not an arm swing. When passing, the entire body should be moving forward with a shrug of the shoulders. You may have
noticed great players moving backwards away from the ball as they pass. This is ok to do! The best passers seem to move
backwards, absorbing the ball on their arms allowing for more control passing.

• Overhead Passing - The overhead pass involves hitting the ball using an overhead playing motion to direct the ball to your
teammate. The ball is played with the fingers using an overhead setting action.

4. Attacking/Hitting

• Standing Attack - Oftentimes, volleyball players need to carry out an attack hit from a standing position. That means that an
attacker doesn't have to jump to carry out an attack hit. For this reason, such an attack hit is called as the “standing” spike. The
“standing” spike is also known as the “down ball”
• Jumping Attack - Sending the ball over the net with intention to score a point. This is normally done by an attacker jumping up
into the air and then hitting the ball in a downward direction towards the opponent's floor.
5. Blocking - Blocking is a skill wherein the player deflects the ball from the opponent. The goal is to prevent a successful attack and
the other team from scoring a point. The blocker's job is to block the spiked ball so that it goes back to the opposing team's side of the
court. Blocking is a defensive play.
6. Digging/Diving
• Overhand Dig - If the ball comes off the block hard and high, you may need to reach up over your head to get it. You can strike
the ball with the heel of your palm, making sure it goes up and toward the net, remaining on your side. The overhand dig is not
as easy to control as a standard dig, but it can be used as a last resort.
• Diving - If the ball at a distance from you and you do not have enough time to get there by moving your feet, you may want to
dive for it. Take a step toward the ball, reach out with your body and sprawl, playing through the ball and angling it back toward
the setter at the net. Practice diving without the ball so you can learn how to avoid landing hard on your hip, knees or elbows.
Always dive out, not down so you can slide, not thump when you hit the floor. If done right, diving should not hurt.

Reading Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas

VOLLEYBALL FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
The team sport of volleyball requires the type of sporting equipment below. Products may be available to aid in the instruction of
volleyball skills.
❖ PLAYING AREA - The playing area includes the playing court and the free zone. It shall be rectangular and symmetrical.
DIMENSIONS - The playing court is a rectangle measuring 18 x 9 m, surrounded by a free zone which is a minimum of 3 m wide on all
sides. The free playing space is the space above the playing area which is free from any obstructions. The free playing space shall
measure a minimum of 7 m in height from the playing surface. For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the free zone shall measure
of 5 m from the side lines and 6.5 m from the end lines. The free playing space shall measure a minimum of 12.5 m in height from the
playing surface.
❖ LINES IN THE COURT - All lines are 5 cm wide. They must be of a light color which is different from the color of the floor and from
 any other lines.
• Boundary lines - Two side lines and two end lines mark the playing court. Both side lines and end lines are drawn inside the
dimensions of the playing court.
• Centre line - The axis of the center line divides the playing court into two equal courts measuring 9 x 9 m each; however, the
entire width of the line is considered to belong to both courts equally. This line extends beneath the net from side line to side
line.
• Attack line - On each court, an attack line, whose rear edge is drawn 3 m back from the axis of the center line, marks the front
zone.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the attack line is extended by the addition of broken lines from the side lines, with five 15 cm
short lines 5 cm wide, drawn 20 cm from each other to a total length of 1.75 m.
❖ NET AND POST - Placed vertically over the center line there is a net whose top is set at the height of 2.43 m for men and 2.24 m
for women. Its height is measured from the center of the playing court. The net height (over the two side lines) must be exactly the
same and must not exceed the official height by more than 2 cm.
The net is 1 m wide (± 3 cm) and 9.50 to 10 m long (with 25 to 50 cm on each side of the side bands), made of 10 cm square black mesh.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, in conjunction with specific competition regulations, the mesh may be modified to facilitate
advertising according to marketing agreements. At its top a horizontal band, 7 cm wide, made of two-fold white canvas, is sewn along
its full length. Each extreme end of the band has a hole, through which passes a cord, fastening the band to the posts for keeping its top
taut. Within the band, a flexible cable fastens the net to the posts and keeps its top taut. At the bottom of the net there is another
horizontal band, 5cm wide, similar to the top band, through which is threaded a rope. This rope fastens the net to the posts and keeps
its lower part taut.
❖ ANTENNAE - An antenna is a flexible rod, 1.80 m long and 10 mm in diameter, made of fiberglass or similar material. An antenna is
fastened at the outer edge of each side band. The antennae are placed on opposite sides of the net. The top 80 cm of each
antenna extends above the net and is marked with 10 cm stripes of contrasting color, preferably red and white. The antennae are
considered as part of the net and laterally delimit the crossing space.

❖ POST - The posts supporting the net are placed at a distance of 0.50-1.00 m outside the side lines. They are 2.55 m high and
preferably adjustable. For all FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the posts supporting the net are placed at a distance of 1 m
outside the side lines and must be padded. The posts are rounded and smooth, fixed to the ground without wires. There shall be no
dangerous or obstructing devices.

❖ VOLLEYBALL BALL - The ball shall be spherical, made of a flexible leather or synthetic leather case with a bladder inside, made of
rubber or a similar material. Its color may be a uniform light color or a combination of colors. Synthetic leather material and color
combinations of balls used in international official competitions should comply with FIVB standards. Its circumference is 65-67 cm
and its weight is 260-280 g. Its inside pressure shall be 0.30 to 0.325 kg/cm2 (4.26 to 4.61 psi) (294.3 to 318.82 mbar or hPa).

❖ TEAM COMPOSITION - For the match, a team may consist of up to 12 players, plus Coaching Staff: one coach, a maximum of two
assistant coaches, Medical Staff: one team therapist and one medical doctor. Only those listed on the score sheet may normally
enter the Competition/Control Area and take part in the official warm up and in the match.
- For FIVB, World and Official competitions for Seniors: Up to 14 players may be recorded on the score sheet and play in a match.

❖ EQUIPMENTS - A player's equipment consists of a jersey, shorts, socks (the uniform) and sport shoes. The color and the design for
the jerseys, shorts and socks must be uniform for the team (except for the Libero). The uniforms must be clean. The shoes must be
light and pliable with rubber or composite soles without heels.
- Players' jerseys must be numbered from 1 to 20.
Reading Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas
- In FIVB, World and Official Competitions for Seniors, where larger playing squads are used, numbers may be extended. - The
number must be placed on the jersey at the center of the front and of the back. The color and brightness of the numbers must
contrast with the color and brightness of the jerseys.
- The number must be a minimum of 15 cm in height on the chest, and a minimum of 20 cm in height on the back. The stripe
forming the numbers shall be a minimum of 2 cm in width.
- The team captain must have on his/her jersey a stripe of 8 x 2 cm underlining the number on the chest. - It is forbidden to wear
uniforms of a color different from that of the other players (except for the Liberos), and/or without official numbers.
❖ THE PLAYERS
a. Front row players (attack/blocker) – the front row players’ responsibility is attacking the ball when the setter sets them. Also,
front row players try to block the ball coming from the opponent.
b. Back-row players (passers/diggers) – the back-row players’ main responsibility is to pass the ball that comes from the opponent.
Back-row players also di balls hit by opposing team spikers.

❖ THE POSITIONS
 a. Setter - a setter’s main job is to set spikers. This is done by waiting for a teammate to pass the ball to them. b. Spiker – a spiker
is a player that attacks a ball over the net. The spiker is a front row player and their main job is to spike balls at the net.
c. Passer – a passer is a player that passes the ball up to the setter. The better passer is able to pass, the easier it is for the setter
to set which results in a better attack by the spiker.
d. Digger – a digger is defensive player that passes the ball up to the setter. The digger is skilled at digging hard driven spikes and
chasing down off-speed shots by the opponent.
e. Server – the server is the player on the team that puts the ball into play to start the rally. The players that understand how to
play volleyball the best are often the best servers on the team.

OFFICIATING VOLLEYBALL

❖ Officials – In competition, teams may be required to furnish one or more officials as described below. 1. 1st Referee (R1) – the first
referee is in charge of the match and has the final authority on all matters. The R1 will be on the stand opposite the
scorekeeper and will make decisions involving ball handling, lifts, throws, etc. The referee will give decisions with whistle and
hand signals. All judgement decisions by the R1 are final.
2. 2nd Referee (R2) – the second referee is located on the floor, opposite the R1 and near the team benches and the
scorekeeper. The R2 is mainly responsible for control of the net, watching for infractions. The R2 may also assist the R1
on the ball handling calls by giving a discreet signal if the R1 is screened or blocked on the play. The R2 is also
responsible for oversight of the scorekeeper and for administering all substitution requests.
3. Scorekeeper – the scorekeeper is responsible for keeping the score sheet according to the rules of the game or other such
duties as authorized. It is the duty of the scorekeeper to ensure that the visual scoreboard is accurate.
4. Line Judge – line judge is an important part of the officiating team, they stand in the left corner (behind the left back position)
of the court and assist the R1 with calling the ball in, the ball out and touches as instructed by R1.
5. Libero Tracker – for those programs using the Libero provision in the rules, a minor may be required to track Libero
replacements.
❖ REFEREES’ OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS:

Reading
Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas
 Readin
g Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas
(LINE JUDGES’ OFFICIAL FLAG SIGNALS)
❖ Pre-match Meeting – during the pre-match meeting, the R1 will meet with representatives from each team to:
1. Clarify warm-up procedures.
2. Explain event/tournament/match rules and facility ground rules.
3. Determine which team serves first and from which side of the court they will serve.

❖ Start the Match – when ready, the R1 will instruct the players to line up on the end line. On a signal from R1, the players will move
onto the court and line up in the proper rotation while the R2 verifies their position on the court.

❖ Start the Set – when all players are in the proper position and both teams are ready to play, the R1 will back on for the server to
serve the ball. The serve beckon will be done with both a whistle and arm motion.

Reading Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas

❖ Service Rotation – when the receiving team has gained the right to serve, the players rotate one position clockwise. There are
two exceptions to this:
1. In a Unified Competition, when the serving team has scored three consecutive points they shall rotate one position clockwise
and maintain service. The receiving team will NOT rotate.
2. In Modified Team Competition volleyball, a three-point or five-point serving rule will be used. Once a player has scored the three
or five points, there will be an automatic loss of possession with the opponent getting the ball and service but with no point.

❖ Ball In/Ball Out – a ball that lands inside the court or on any part of the line is considered good. A ball lands outside of the court
and completely outside of the line is considered out.

❖ Method of Scoring – Volleyball is played using the Rally Scoring method. Each time a ball is put in a play, a point will be awarded.
The exception is if the referee directs a replay (a ball from another court comes onto the court, etc.). You do not need to be serving
for your teams to earn a point.

❖ To Win a Set/Match – teams need to earn 25 points to win the set (the deciding set is played to 15 points). You must win by at
least two points. Matches are played either best two out of three sets or best three out of five sets.

❖ Sanctions
1. Yellow Card – A warning against a player or coach that results in the opposing team getting a point.
2. Red Card – A sanction against a player or coach that results in an expulsion from the set.
3. Red/Yellow Card Held Together – A sanction against a player or coach that results in a disqualification from the match. The
competition manager will decide if the incident requires the player or coach to be out of the tournament.

❖ Common Violations
a. Lift
b. Throw
c. Double Hit
d. More than three hits
e. Touching the Net while playing the ball
f. Center line violation (under the net)
g. Out of rotation
h. Wrong server
i. Back row attack
j. Server foot fault

❖ Diagrams
➢ The Playing Court:
 Reading Materials for Prelims: PE – 14 Instructor: Hussel Jan Ildefonso Pacipas
➢ Design of the Net:

➢ Location of Referee and their Assistants:

For the complete Volleyball Rules, Regulations and Interpretations please visit:
https://www.fivb.com/en/volleyball/thegame_glossary/officialrulesofthegames