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Physical Science
Biological Macromolecules
Think about your favorite food
Recall
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
- Large, organic molecules such
as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids

- Have a huge variety of

functions, such as storing
energy, protection, etc.
 1. CARBOHYDRATES
- Contain the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) in
the ratio of 1:2:1

- Are the primary energy

source of the human body
- Foods rich in carbohydrates
are rice, cereal, potatoes, fruits
and pasta.
 MONOSACCHARIDES
- Most basic form of
carbohydrates
- Used to produce
and store energy the
human body
 MONOSACCHARIDES
A. FRUCTOSE
- Found in fruits and
honey
 MONOSACCHARIDES

B. GLUCOSE
- Found in all major
carbohydrates like
starch, table sugar, etc.
 MONOSACCHARIDES

C. GALACTOSE

- Found in milk
and milk products
 DISACCHARIDES

- Also called double

sugar
- Formed by two
monosaccharides or
simple sugars
 DISACCHARIDES
A. MALTOSE
- Glucose +
glucose
- Found in malt
 DISACCHARIDES
B. SUCROSE
- Glucose + fructose
- Found in regular
table sugar, sugar
cane and sugar beet
 DISACCHARIDES
C. LACTOSE
- Glucose + galactose
- Found in milk and
milk products
 POLYSACCHARIDES
- A large molecule made of many smaller
monosaccharides
 POLYSACCHARIDES
A.STARCH/
AMYLOSE
- Storage form of
glucose in
plants
 POLYSACCHARIDES
B. AMYLOPECTIN

- Storage form of
glucose in
plants
 POLYSACCHARIDES
C. GLYCOGEN
- Storage form of
glucose in plants
- Stored in the
liver and muscles
Summary
Summary
Summary
2. FATS/LIPIDS
- Polymers of fatty acids that
contain a long, non – polar
hydrocarbon chain with a
small polar region containing
oxygen
- Insoluble in water but
soluble in organic solvents
2. FATS/LIPIDS
- Long term storage of
energy in the body
- Serve as material for cell
membrane
- Insulate body to maintain
temperature
- Aid in digestion signal
molecules
 2. FATS/LIPIDS
A. TRIGLYCERIDES

- Made up of four
simpler molecules, a
glycerol backbone,
and 3 fatty acid
 2. FATS/LIPIDS
B. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- Have a glycerol
backbone and two fatty
acid chains instead of a
third acid, they have a
phosphate group with
an “R”
 2. FATS/LIPIDS
B. PHOSPHOLIPIDS

- Fatty acids are

hydrophobic tails
- Phosphate head is
hydrophilic
 2. FATS/LIPIDS
C. STEROID

- Provides a key component

of all cell membranes
- Serves as vitamins and as
hormones in the body
 2. FATS/LIPIDS
D. WAXES

- Serve as construction
material for bees
- Act as sealant to keep
moisture inside the plant
leaves and fruits.
 3. PROTEINS

- Composed of four
elements, namely: carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen (chon)
- Made up of amino acids
 3. PROTEINS
A. KERATIN

- A structural
protein found in
hair, skin, and nails
 3. PROTEINS
B. FIBROIN/SILK PROTEIN

- An insoluble
protein present in
silk produced by
numerous insects
 3. PROTEINS
C. COLLAGEN
- A major insoluble fibrous
protein found in
connective tissues such as
tendons, ligaments, skin,
cartilage and cornea of
the eye
 3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES
- A major insoluble catalyze
chemical reactions
- Speed up a reaction; lower the
needed energy for a reaction to
take place
- Bind substances to their specific
partners
 3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES

LIPASE – helps in
the digestion of fats
 3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES

PEPSIN – breaks
down proteins into
peptides (smaller
units)
 3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES

SUCRASE – also
called invertase; helps
in the digestion of
sugars and starches
 3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES
MYOGLOBIN – stores
oxygen in muscles; it
contains heme group
which has iron where
oxygen is stored
 4. NUCLEIC ACID
- A polymer of long chains of
nucleotides that contain the
following:
a. Nitrogenous base
b. Five – carbon
carbohydrate
c. Phosphate group
 4. NUCLEIC ACID

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC
ACID (DNA) – carries the
genetic code of organisms;
also called the “blueprint of
life”
 4. NUCLEIC ACID

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

– carries the information from
the DNA to the cellular
factories for the synthesis of
proteins