FPS Ch3

Table of Contents
Forces
Section 1 • Forces
Section 2 • Newton’s Laws of Motion
Section 3 • Using Newton’s Laws

September 27th
Forces
• What Student Will Learn
– How forces and Motion are related
– What friction is between objects
– The difference between mass and weight
• Notes on Forces
• Check Students Science Notebook
• Homework: Complete Ch 3.1 Science
Notebook
Section
1 Forces
What is force?
• A force is a push or pull.
• Sometimes it is obvious that a force has been applied.
• But other forces aren’t as noticeable.
Section
1 Forces
Changing Motion
• A force can cause the motion of an object to change.
• If you have played billiards, you know that you can force
a ball at rest to roll into a pocket by striking it with
another ball.
Corbis/Punchstock
Section
1 Forces
Changing Motion
• The force of the moving ball causes the ball at rest to
move in the direction of the force.
Corbis/Punchstock
Section
1 Forces
Balanced Forces
• Force does not always change velocity.
• When two or more forces act on an object at the same
time, the forces combine to form the net force.
Section
1 Forces
Unbalanced Forces
• The students are pushing on the box in the same
direction.
• These forces are
combined, or added
together, because they
are exerted on the box in
the same direction.
Section
1 Forces
Unbalanced Forces
• The net force that acts on this box is found by adding
the two forces together.
Section
1 Forces
Unbalanced Forces
• The net force that moves the box will be the difference
between the two forces because they are in opposite
directions.
• They are considered to
be unbalanced forces.
Section
1 Forces
Balanced Forces
• The net force on the box is zero because the two forces
cancel each other.
• Forces on an object that are equal in size and opposite
in direction are called balanced forces.
Section
1 Forces
Friction
• Suppose you give a skateboard a push with your hand.
• Does the skateboard keep moving with constant speed
after it leaves your hand?
Section
1 Forces
Friction
• The force that slows the skateboard and brings it to a
stop is friction.
• Friction is the force that opposes the sliding motion of
two surfaces that are touching each other.
• The amount of friction between two surfaces depends
on two factorsthe kinds of surfaces and the force
pressing the surfaces together.
Section
1 Forces
What causes friction?

• If two surfaces are in contact, welding or sticking occurs
where the bumps touch each other.
• These microwelds are the source of friction.
Section
1 Forces
What causes friction?

• The larger the force pushing the two surfaces together
is, the stronger these microwelds will be, because
more of the surface bumps will come into contact.
• To move one
surface over the
other, a force must
be applied to break
the microwelds.
Section
1 Forces
Static Friction
• Suppose you have filled a cardboard box with books
and want to move it.
• It’s too heavy to lift, so you start pushing on it, but it
doesn’t budge.
• If the box doesn’t move, then it has zero acceleration.
Section
1 Forces
Static Friction
• That force is the friction due to the microwelds that have
formed between the bottom of the box and the floor.
• Static friction is the frictional force that prevents two

surfaces from sliding past each other.
• Another force that cancels your push must be acting on

the box.
Section
1 Forces
Sliding Friction
• You ask a friend to help you move the box.
• Pushing together, the box moves. Together you and
your friend have exerted enough force to break the
microwelds between the floor and the bottom of the
box.
Section
1 Forces
Sliding Friction
• If you stop pushing, the box quickly comes to a stop.
• This is because as the box slides across the floor,
another forcesliding frictionopposes the motion of
the box.
• Sliding friction is the force that opposes the motion of
two surfaces sliding past each other.
Section
1 Forces
Rolling Friction
• As a wheel rolls over a surface, static friction acts over
the area where they wheel and the surface touch.
Section
1 Forces
Rolling Friction
• This special case of static friction is sometimes called
rolling fiction.
• Rolling friction prevents wheels from slipping.
• When referring to tires on vehicles, the term traction is
often used instead of friction.
Section
1 Forces
Gravity
• Gravity is one of the four basic forces.
• The other basic forces are the electromagnetic force,
the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force.
Section
1 Forces
What is gravity?
• Gravity is an attractive force between any two objects
that depends on the masses of the objects and the
distance between them.
Section
1 Forces
The Law of Universal Gravitation

• Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal
gravitation, which he published in 1687.
• This law can be written as the following equation.
Section
1 Forces
The Law of Universal Gravitation

• In this equation G is a constant called the universal
gravitational constant, and d is the distance between
the two masses, m1 and m2.
• The law of universal gravitation enables the force of
gravity to be calculated between any two objects if their
masses and the distance between them is known.
Section
1 Forces
The Range of Gravity

• According to the law of universal gravitation, the
gravitational force between two masses decreases
rapidly as the distance between the masses increases.
Section
1 Forces
The Range of Gravity

• No matter how far apart two objects are, the
gravitational force between them never completely
goes to zero.
• Because the gravitational force between two objects
never disappears, gravity is called a long-range force.
Section
1 Forces
The Gravitational Field

• Because objects do not have to be in contact, gravity is
sometimes discussed as a field.
• A field is a region of space that has a physical quantity
(such as force) at every point.
• The strength of the gravitational field is 9.8 N/kg near
Earth’s surface and gets smaller as you move away
from Earth.
Section
1 Forces
Weight
• The gravitational force exerted on an object is called
the object’s weight.
• Because the weight of an object on Earth is equal to
the force of Earth’s gravity on the object, weight can be
calculated from this equation:
Section
1 Forces
Weight and Mass

• Weight and mass are not the same.
• Weight is a force and mass is a measure of the amount
of matter an object contains.
• Weight and mass are related. Weight increases as
mass increases.
Section
1 Forces
Weight and Mass

• The weight of an object usually is the gravitational force
between the object and Earth.
• The weight of an object can change, depending on the
gravitational force on the object.
Section
1 Forces
Weight and Mass

• The table shows how various weights on Earth would
be different on the Moon and some of the planets.
Section
1 Forces
Finding Other Planets

• In the 1840s the most distant planet known was Uranus.
• The motion of Uranus calculated from the law of
universal gravitation disagreed slightly with its observed
motion.
• Some astronomers suggested that there must be an
undiscovered planet affecting the motion of Uranus.
Section
1 Forces
Finding Other Planets

• Using the law of universal gravitation and Newton’s laws
of motion, two astronomers independently calculated the
orbit of this planet.
• As a result of these
calculations, the planet
Neptune was found in 1846.
Elvele Images/Alamy
Section
1 Section Check
Question 1
A force is a __________.
Answer
A force is a push or pull. Forces, such as the

force of the atmosphere against a person’s body,
are not always noticeable.
Section
1 Section Check
Question 2
When are forces on an object balanced?
Answer
When forces are equal in size and opposite in direction,

they are balanced forces, and the net force is zero.
Section
1 Section Check
Question 3
Gravity is an attractive force between any two objects

and depends on __________.
Answer
Gravity is an attractive force between any two

objects and depends on the masses of the objects
and the distance between them.
Section
2 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton's Laws of Motion

• The British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) was
able to state rules that describe the effects of forces on
the motion of objects.
• These rules are known as Newton's law's of motion.
Section
Newton's First Law of Motion

• Newton's first law of motion states that an object
moving at a constant velocity keeps moving at that
velocity unless an unbalanced net force acts on it.
• If an object is at rest, it stays at rest unless an
unbalanced net force acts on it.
• This law is sometimes called the law of inertia.
Section
Inertia and Mass

• Inertia (ih NUR shuh) is the tendency of an object to
resist any change in its motion.
• If an object is moving, it will have uniform motion.
• It will keep moving at the same speed and in the same
direction unless an unbalanced force acts on it.
Section
Inertia and Mass

• If an object is at rest, it tends to remain at rest. Its
velocity is zero unless a force makes it move.
• The inertia of an object is related to its mass. The
greater the mass of an object is, the greater its inertia.
Section
Force, Mass, and Acceleration

• Newton’s second law of motion describes how the
forces exerted on an object, its mass, and its
acceleration are related.
Section
Force and Acceleration

• What’s different about
throwing a ball horizontally
as hard as you can and
tossing it gently?
• When you throw hard, you
exert a much greater force on
the ball.
Getty Images
Section

• The hard-thrown ball has a
greater change in velocity, and
the change occurs over a
shorter period of time.
Getty Images
Section

• Recall that acceleration is the change in velocity
divided by the time it takes for the change to occur.
• So, a hard-thrown ball has a greater acceleration than
a gently thrown ball.
Section
Mass and Acceleration

• If you throw a softball and a
baseball as hard as you can,
why don’t they have the same
speed?
• The difference is due to their
masses.
Getty Images/Lars A. Niki

Section
Mass and Acceleration

• If it takes the same amount of time to throw both balls,
the softball would have less acceleration.
• The acceleration of an object depends on its mass as
well as the force exerted on it.
• Force, mass, and acceleration are related.
Section
Newton’s Second Law

• Newton’s second law of motion states that the
acceleration of an object is in the same direction as the
net force on the object, and that the acceleration can
be calculated from the following equation:
Section
Calculating Net Force with the Second Law

• Newton’s second law also can be used to calculate the
net force if mass and acceleration are known.
• To do this, the equation for Newton’s second law must
be solved for the net force, F.
Section
Calculating Net Force with the Second Law

• To solve for the net force, multiply both sides of the
equation by the mass:
• The mass, m, on the left side cancels, giving the

equation:
Section
October 4th
• Check Classwork/Homework
• Go Over Reinforcement
• Continue Notes on Newton’s Third Law
• Homework: RE Ch 3.3 Using Newton’s
Laws
Section
Newton’s Third Law

• Newton’s third law of motion states that when one
object exerts a force on a second object, the second
one exerts a force on the first that is equal in strength
and opposite in direction.
• These forces are sometimes called the action and
reaction forces.
Section
Newton’s Third Law

• But, the action force doesn’t cause the reaction force.
They occur at the same time.
• When you jump on a trampoline, for example, you
exert a downward force on the trampoline.
• Simultaneously, the trampoline exerts an equal force
upward, sending you high into the air.
Section
Action and Reaction Forces Don’t Cancel

• According to the third law of motion, action and
reaction forces act on different objects.
• Thus, even though the forces are equal, they are not
balanced because they act on different objects.
Section
Action and Reaction Forces Don’t Cancel

• For example, consider a student pushing on a box.
• The box pushes on the student, but the student
remains in place because of the friction between her
shoes and the floor.
Section
Newton’s Laws of Motion

• The forces on the box include the student’s push to the
right and sliding friction to the left.
• The net force on the box is not zero and the box
accelerates to the right.
Section

• A force is an interaction between two objects.
• For example, it does not make sense to say, “The box
has a force of 20 N.”
• However, it does make sense to say, “The student
pushes on the box with a force of 20 N.”
Section
2 Section Check
Question 1
Inertia is __________.
A. the tendency of an object to resist any

change in its motion
B. the tendency of an object to have a positive
acceleration
C. The tendency of an object to have a net
force of zero.
D. The tendency of an object to change in
speed or direction.
Section
2 Section Check
Answer
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist any change in
its motion. An unbalanced force must act upon the object
in order for its motion to change.
Section
2 Section Check
Question 2
Newton’s second law of motion states that _________
of an object is in the same direction as the net force
on the object.
A. acceleration
B. momentum
C. speed
D. velocity
Section
2 Section Check
Answer
The answer is A. Acceleration can be calculated by
dividing the net force in newtons by the mass in kilograms.
Section
2 Section Check
Question 3
According to Newton’s third law of motion, what happens
when one object exerts a force on a second object?
Answer
According to Newton’s law, the second object exerts a
force on the first that is equal in strength and opposite in
direction.
Section
3 Using Newton’s Laws
What happens in a crash?

• The law of inertia can explain
what happens in a car crash.
• When a car traveling about
50 km/h collides head-on
with something solid, the car
crumples, slows down, and
stops within approximately
0.1 s.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Andrew Resek, photographer

Section
What happens in a crash?

• Any passenger not wearing a safety belt continues to
move forward at the same speed the car was traveling.
• Within about 0.02 s (1/50 of a second) after the car
stops, unbelted passengers slam into the dashboard,
steering wheel, windshield, or the backs of the front
seats.
Section
Safety Belts
• The force needed to slow a person from 50 km/h to
zero in 0.1 s is equal to 14 times the force that gravity
exerts on the person.
• The belt loosens a little as it restrains the person,
increasing the time it takes to slow the person down.
Section
Safety Belts
• This reduces the force exerted on the person.
• The safety belt also prevents the person from being
thrown out of the car.
Section
Air bags
• Air bags also reduce injuries in car crashes by providing
a cushion that reduces the force on the car's occupants.
• When impact occurs, a chemical reaction occurs in the
air bag that produces nitrogen gas.
• The air bag expands rapidly and then deflates just as
quickly as the nitrogen gas escapes out of tiny holes in
the bag.
Section

October 1 st
• Notes from Earth’s Gravitational

Acceleration to Momentum
• Homework: Section 3 Reinforcement
Section
Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration

• When all forces except gravity acting on a falling object
can be ignored, the object is said to be in free fall.
• Close to Earth’s surface, the acceleration of a falling
object in free fall is about 9.8 m/s2.
• This acceleration is given the symbol g and is
sometimes called the acceleration of gravity.
• If an object is in free fall near Earth’s surface, the net
force on it equals the force of gravity (Fnet = Fg).
Section
Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration

• Therefore, Newton’s second law gives us the object’s
acceleration:
• Recall that g = 9.8 N/kg = 9.8 m/s2.

• This acceleration is given the symbol g and is
sometimes called the acceleration of gravity.
Section
Air Resistance
• When an object falls toward Earth, it is pulled downward
by the force of gravity.
• However, a friction-like force called air resistance
opposes the motion of objects that move through the
air.
• Air resistance causes objects to fall with different
accelerations and different speeds.
Section
Air Resistance
• Air resistance acts in the opposite direction to the
motion of an object through air.
• If the object is falling downward, air resistance acts
upward on the object.
• The size of the air resistance force also depends on the
size and shape of an object.
Section
Air Resistance
• The amount of air resistance on an object depends on
the speed, size, and shape of the object.
• Air resistance, not the object’s mass, is why feathers,
leaves, and pieces of paper fall more slowly than
pennies, acorns, and apples.
Section
Terminal Velocity
• As an object falls, the downward force of gravity causes
the object to accelerate.
• However, as an object falls faster, the upward force of air
resistance increases.
• This causes the net force on a sky diver to decrease as
the sky diver falls.
Section
Terminal Velocity
• Finally, the upward air resistance force becomes large
enough to balance the downward force of gravity.
• This means the net force on the object is zero.
• Then the acceleration of the object is also zero, and the
object falls with a constant speed called the terminal
velocity.
Section
Terminal Velocity
• The terminal velocity is the highest speed a falling
object will reach.
• The terminal velocity depends on the size, shape, and
mass of a falling object.
Section
Weightlessness and Free Fall

• You’ve probably seen pictures of astronauts and
equipment floating inside the space shuttle.
• They are said to be experiencing the sensation of
weightlessness.
Section
Weightlessness and Free Fall

• However, for a typical mission, the shuttle orbits Earth
at an altitude of about 400 km.
• According to the law of universal gravitation, at 400-km
altitude the force of Earth’s gravity is about 90 percent
as strong as it is at Earth’s surface.
• So an astronaut with a mass of 80 kg still would weigh
about 700 N in orbit, compared with a weight of about
780 N at Earth’s surface.
Section
Floating in Space
• So what does it mean to say that something is
weightless in orbit?
• When you stand on a scale
you are at rest and the net
force on you is zero.
• The scale supports you and
balances your weight by
exerting an upward force.
Section
Floating in Space
• The dial on the scale shows the upward force exerted
by the scale, which is your weight.
• Now suppose you stand on
the scale in an elevator that is
falling.
Section
Floating in Space
• If you and the scale were in free fall, then you no longer
would push down on the scale at all.
• The scale dial would say you
have zero weight, even
though the force of gravity on
you hasn’t changed.
Section
Floating in Space
• A space shuttle in orbit is in free fall, but it is falling
around Earth, rather than straight downward.
• Everything in the orbiting space shuttle is falling around
Earth at the same rate, in the same way you and the
scale were falling in the elevator.
• Objects in the shuttle seem to be floating because they
are all falling with the same acceleration.
Section
Centripetal Force
• According to the second law of motion, when a ball has
centripetal acceleration, the direction of the net force
on the ball also must be toward the center of the
curved path.
• The net force exerted toward the center of a curved
path is called a centripetal force.
Section
Centripetal Force and Traction

• When a car rounds a curve on a highway, a
centripetal force must be acting on the car to keep it
moving in a curved path.
• This centripetal force is the frictional force, or the
traction, between the tires and the road surface.
Section
Centripetal Force and Traction

• Anything that moves in a circle is doing so because a
centripetal force is accelerating it toward the center.
Section
Gravity Can Be a Centripetal Force

• Imagine whirling an object tied to a string above your
head.
• The string exerts a centripetal force on the object that
keeps it moving in a circular path.
Section
Gravity Can Be a Centripetal Force

• In the same way, Earth’s gravity exerts a centripetal
force on the Moon that keeps it moving in a nearly
circular orbit.
Section

October 2 nd
• Grade Section 3 Reinforcement

• Finish Section 3 Notes
• Grade Notes
• Homework: Chapter 3 Review
Section
Force and Changing Momentum

• Recall that acceleration is the difference between the
initial and final velocity, divided by the time.
• Also, from Newton’s second law, the net force on an
object equals its mass times its acceleration.
Section
Force and Changing Momentum

• By combining these two relationships, Newton’s
second law can be written in this way:
• In this equation mvf is the final momentum and mvi is

the initial momentum.
Section
Law of Conservation of Momentum

• The momentum of an object doesn’t change unless its
mass, velocity, or both change.
• Momentum, however, can be transferred from one
object to another.
• The law of conservation of momentum states that if
a group of objects exerts forces only on each other,
their total momentum doesn’t change.
Section
When Objects Collide

• The results of a collision depend on the momentum of
each object.
• When the first puck hits
the second puck from
behind, it gives the
second puck momentum
in the same direction.
Section
When Objects Collide

• If the pucks are speeding toward each other with the
same speed, the total momentum is zero.
Section
Rocket Propulsion
• In a rocket engine, burning fuel produces hot gases.
The rocket engine exerts a force on these gases and
causes them to escape out the back of the rocket.
• By Newton’s third law, the gases exert a force on the
rocket and push it forward.
Section
3 Section Check
Question 1
When two objects collide, what happens to their
momentum?
Section
3 Section Check
Answer
According to the law of conservation of momentum, if the
objects in a collision exert forces only on each other, their
total momentum doesn’t change, even when momentum is
transferred from one object to another.
Section
3 Section Check
Question 2
What is terminal velocity?
A. The fastest speed an object in free fall will reach.
B. The final velocity of an object.
C. The change in an object’s speed.
D. The last direction an object is moving.
Section
3 Section Check
Answer
The answer is A. Terminal velocity is the fastest speed an
object will reach in free fall.
Section
3 Section Check
Question 3
Why is it important to wear a safety belt?
Section
3 Section Check
Answer
In a crash, safety belts prevent passengers from
continuing forward into the windshield, dashboard, or seats
in front of them. Safety belts also increase the time it takes
the passengers to slow down. This smaller acceleration
means that the force acting on them is smaller. Thus,
passengers are less likely to be injured in the crash.
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Centripetal Motion
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Gravity Between Balls 1
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Gravity Between Balls 2
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Weight Comparison Table
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Elevator – Stationary
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Moon Orbit
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Neptune
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October 5th Chapter Review
• Go Over Review Slides

• Handout Review Sheet – Homework even
or odd
• Grading back of Chapter Review
October 6th
• Checking Homework
• Classwork: Complete Chapter Review (Do
Odd if you did Even for Homework)
• Lab Demonstration
Reviewing Main Ideas
Forces
• A force is a push or pull.
• The net force acting on an object is the combination of
all the forces acting on the object.
• The forces on an object are balanced if the net force is
zero.
Forces
• Friction is a force opposing the sliding motion of two
surfaces in contact. Friction is caused by microwelds
that form where the surfaces are in contact.
• Gravity is an attractive force between any two objects
with mass. The gravitational force depends on the
masses of the objects and the distance between them.
Newton’s Law of Motion

• Inertia is the resistance of an object to a change in
motion.
• According to Newton’s first law of motion, the motion of
an object does not change unless an unbalanced net
force acts on the object.
• Newton’s second law of motion states that a net force
causes an object to accelerate in the direction of the net
force and that the acceleration is given by

• Friction is a force opposing the sliding motion of two
surfaces in contact. Friction is caused by microwelds
that form where the surfaces are in contact.
• Air resistance opposes the motion of objects moving
through the air.
• Newton’s third law of motion states that for every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Using Newton’s Laws

• The centripetal force is the net force on an object in
circular motion and is directed toward the center of the
circular path.
• When two objects collide, momentum can be
conserved. Some of the momentum from one object
is transferred to the other.
Chapter Review
Question 1
Friction is the force that opposes __________ of two

surfaces that are touching each other.
Answer
Friction opposes the sliding motion of two surfaces that are

touching each other.
Chapter Review
Question 2
Air resistance is similar to __________.
A. acceleration
B. friction
C. gravity
D. net force
Chapter Review
Answer
The answer is B. Air resistance is a friction like force that

opposes the motion of objects that move through the air.
Chapter Review
Question 3
You are moving a dresser that has a mass of 36 kg; its

acceleration is 0.5 m/s2. What is the force being applied?
A. 8N
B. 18 N
C. 35.5 N
D. 72 N
Chapter Review
Answer
The answer is B. According to Newton's second law of

motion, acceleration is calculated by dividing the force
exerted on an object by the mass of the object. Rearrange
the equation and find force by multiplying the mass of the
object by its acceleration.
Chapter Review
Question 4
What is the gravitational force exerted on an object called?
Answer
The gravitational force exerted on an object is called the

object’s weight
Question 1
You are moving an object that has a mass of 25 kg; its

acceleration is 0.25 m/s2. What is the force being applied?
A. 6.25 N
B. 6.70 N
C. 18.5 N
D. 23.5 N
Answer
The answer is A. Acceleration is calculated by dividing

the force exerted on an object by the mass of the object.
Rearrange the equation and find force by multiplying the
mass of the object by its acceleration.
Question 2
What is the gravitational force on a skydiver with a mass of

75 kg?
A. 8N
B. 667 N
C. 588 N
D. 735 N
Answer
The answer is D. Multiply the mass by the strength of

gravity, 9.8 N/kg.
Question 3
On which planet is the acceleration due to gravity

approximately 25 m/s2?
A. Mars
B. Jupiter
C. Saturn
D. Venus
Answer
The answer is B. Find the mass of an object by dividing its
weight on Earth by the strength of gravity on Earth. Then
use the object’s mass and the values in the table to
determine the strength of gravity on each planet.
Question 4
On Earth, what is the weight of a car that has a mass of

4,000 kg?
A. 39, 200 N
B. 17, 818 N
C. 3, 920 N
D. 186 N
Answer
The answer is A. The weight of an object on Earth is equal

to its mass multiplied by gravitational strength.
Question 5
Two balls roll toward each other and collide. Ball A has a
momentum of 11 kg • m/s east and Ball B has a
momentum of 88 kg • m/s west. If there are no external
forces acting on the balls, what is the total momentum
after the collision?
A. 99 kg • m/s West C. 77 kg • m/s East

B. 77 kg • m/s West D. 11 kg • m/s West
Answer
The answer is C. Momentum of the system is the same
before and after the collision. Before the collision, the total
momentum is p = 11 kg • m/s east and 88 kg • m/s west =
77 kg • m/s west. Momentum is conserved, so the final
momentum of the system is 77 kg • m/s west.
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Table of Contents

Section 2 • Newton’s Laws of Motion

Section 3 • Using Newton’s Laws

What causes friction?

What causes friction?

• Static friction is the frictional force that prevents two

• Another force that cancels your push must be acting on

The Law of Universal Gravitation

The Law of Universal Gravitation

The Range of Gravity

The Range of Gravity

The Gravitational Field

Weight and Mass

Weight and Mass

Weight and Mass

Finding Other Planets

Finding Other Planets

A force is a push or pull. Forces, such as the

When are forces on an object balanced?

When forces are equal in size and opposite in direction,

Gravity is an attractive force between any two objects

Gravity is an attractive force between any two

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton's Laws of Motion

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton's First Law of Motion

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Inertia and Mass

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Inertia and Mass

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Force, Mass, and Acceleration

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Force and Acceleration

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Force and Acceleration

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Force and Acceleration

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Mass and Acceleration

Getty Images/Lars A. Niki

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Mass and Acceleration

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s Second Law

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Calculating Net Force with the Second Law

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Calculating Net Force with the Second Law

• The mass, m, on the left side cancels, giving the

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s Third Law

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s Third Law

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Action and Reaction Forces Don’t Cancel

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Action and Reaction Forces Don’t Cancel

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s Laws of Motion

2 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s Laws of Motion