ME 221: Fluid Mechanics II

Instructor

Dr. Atul K. Soti

Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Guwahati

Section3: Compressible flows

Lecture 22: Normal Shocks part 2
 Normal Shock
• Density ratio across shock

• Density ratio for isentropic flow

• Change in entropy

• The entropy change is negative if the pressure decreases across

the shock, which violates the second law. Thus a rarefaction
Density ratio and change in entropy for air ()
shock is impossible in a perfect gas.

ME221: Fluid Mech II Atul K Soti (Dept. Of ME, IITG) 2

 Mach Number relations
• Weak shocks () are nearly isentropic.
• Next we want to express different ratios in terms of upstream
Mach number . Once again consider the energy equation

• The stagnation temperatures can written in terms of respective

Mach numbers

ME221: Fluid Mech II Atul K Soti (Dept. Of ME, IITG) 3

 Mach Number relations
• The ratio of downstream and upstream temperatures can be
written as

• Using the ideal gas equation and the continuity equation

ME221: Fluid Mech II Atul K Soti (Dept. Of ME, IITG) 4

 Mach Number relations
• Speed of sound

• The density ratio can be found using the ideal gas equation

ME221: Fluid Mech II Atul K Soti (Dept. Of ME, IITG) 5

 Mach Number relations

• Velocity ratio is found using the continuity equation

• Next, we consider the term in the momentum equation

ME221: Fluid Mech II Atul K Soti (Dept. Of ME, IITG) 6

 Mach Number relations

• Substituting the above into the momentum equation

• Equating the two expressions for pressure ratio gives a relation

between the upstream and downstream Mach numbers

ME221: Fluid Mech II Atul K Soti (Dept. Of ME, IITG) 7

 Mach Number relations
• Squaring both sides gives a quadratic equation in which on
solving gives two possible solution

• The first solution is trivial (flow with no shock).

• The second solution reparents a shock.
• Now consider the term

ME221: Fluid Mech II Atul K Soti (Dept. Of ME, IITG) 8

 Mach Number relations

• The pressure ration in terms of upstream Mach number is

• We saw that pressure ratio is always greater than one across a

shock, therefore for a shock

• Thus for flow through a normal shock wave, the upstream

Mach number must be supersonic to satisfy the second law of
thermodynamics.

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