SECOND

PERIOD
MODAL VERBS
OUGHT
MUST WILL
TO

SHOUL HAVE
SHALL
D TO
HAD
NEED BE
CAN BETTE
TO ABLE
R

COULD MIGHT WOULD MAY

 zero Conditional
Present facts

If + subj + verb in present + comp, subj + verb in present + comp.

• If you study hard, you get good grades.

If Gaya studies hard, She gets good grades.

• If the students don’t pay attention to the teacher, they don’t learn.
If he doesn’t pay attention to the teacher, he doesn’t learn.

• If Ana and Eden talk during classes, they don’t pay attention.
If Ana talks during class, she doesn’t pay attention.

• If we don’t work, we get scolded by the teacher.

If jack doesn’t work, he gets scolded by the teacher.
 first Conditional
Future facts
If + subj + verb in present + comp, subj + will + verb in base form +
comp.

• If you study hard, you will get good grades.

If Gaya studies hard, She will get good grades.

• If the students don’t pay attention to the teacher, they won’t learn.
If he doesn’t pay attention to the teacher, he won’t learn.

• If Ana and Eden talk during classes, they won’t pay attention.
If Ana talks during class, she won’t pay attention.

• If we don’t work, we will get scolded by the teacher.

If jack doesn’t work, he will get scolded by the teacher.
 Second Conditional
Imaginary situations

If + sub + v. past + com, Sub + would + verb + com.

• If I knew my boyfriend was cheating on me, I would have confront him.

• If Nora dated another guy, She wouldn’t get married with her actual husband.

• If we didn’t meet in that travel, We wouldn’t be a couple.

• If your wife didn’t feel attracted to you, she would date another guy.
 third Conditional
Imaginary situations – remorses and
regrets

If + subj + had + vpp + comp, subj + would + have + vpp + comp.

1. If I had saved money, I would have traveled to NYC.

2. If Maurice had bought that expensive car, he wouldn´t have paid

the tuition fees.

3. If Karl and Gio hadn´t spent lots of money in that trip, they
wouldn´t have asked for a loan.

4. If she hadn´t had enough time to finish her work, she would have
stayed extra time.
 Imagine that you have 2
ideas, but you want to put
them together,
USEyou IT use
FORthe Relative clauses give us essential information
relative clauses
WHO and
PEOPLE
1. You add extra
about the person or thing mentioned. 
Thatinformation.
is a joker,
2.
youYoucanreduce
use the length
USEit IT FOR
of the sentence
for people and because
THAT PEOPLE
you skip repited info.
things, it’s a
3. When you AND speaking
little bit THINGS
you don’t sound like a
informal
robot.
• Grey’s Anatomy is a medical drama
USE IT FOR which
that was premiered on 2005
WHICH THINGS

1. Grey’s Anatomy is a medical drama.

2. Grey’s Anatomy was premiered on 2005.

Grammar RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE

• Ellen Pompeo is the actressthat
who plays
Meredith Grey.
1. Ellen Pompeo is the actress.
2. Ellen Pompeo plays Meredith Grey.

• Yo Soy Betty, la fea is a Colombian soap opera

which
that was broadcasted in more than 185
countries.
1. Yo soy Betty, la fea is a Colombian soap opera.
2. Yo soy Betty, la fea ws broadcasted in more
than 185 countries .

• Beatriz Pinzon Solano is an economist who

Keep in Mind
that
works at EcoModa.
That, which, who are
1. Beatriz Pinzon is an economist. always in the middle of
2. Beatriz Pinzon works at EcoModa. our compound sentence
linking both ideas
 1.That's the book. The book won a national award.

2.She's the teacher. She teaches science and math at my

school.

3.We go to the park. It is near our house.

4.Susan wrote a letter. It was published in the newspaper.

EXERCISE. COMBINE THE TWO SENTENCES TO FORM A

SENTENCE WITH A RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE.
 Use them
Relative clauses give us extra information about
WHO/
If you remember in thewhen you
first part
the person or thing mentioned.  WHOM refer
of the grammar
Whomwe a to
issaw people
that
THAT, WHO, WHICH were
bit more
placed in the middle of our
compound sentenceformal because they
were linking our 2Possessive
WHOSE ideas.
Here it’s a little bit different,
WHO, WHOSE, WHICH are
case
• Harry Potter, which is a British movie, right after our subject, we’re
tells the story of a young wizard. interrupting the sentence we
consider the most important to
WHICH Use
add the extra info (the it for
other
idea) things
1. Harry Potter is a British movie. Which is the most important
idea is about perception (in the
2. Harry Potter tells the story of a young wizard. example I decided the 2nd idea to
be the most important, so I cut it
and added the extra info

THAT

Grammar NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE

CLAUSES
1. Emma Watson is a French actress.
2. Emma Watson plays Hermione Granger.

• Emma Watson, who is a French actress, plays Hermione

Granger.

1. Harry Potter is in the top 5 best sellers of all the

time.
2. Harry Potter’s writer is J.K Rowling.

• Harry Potter, whose writer is J.K Rowling, is in the top 5

best sellers of all the time.

1. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the 3rd

movie in the saga
2. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was
directed by Alfonso Cuaron
• Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, which is the 3rd
movie in the saga, was directed by Alfonso Cuaron.
EXERCISE. Put the words in the correct order to
make sentences.
 Passive voice
We use the passive voice
to emphasize when the
action (verb) and the
object of our sentence are
more important than the
subject

object

It is the person,
animal, situation, you can find the
place, etc that object asking
receives the WHO or WHAT
action
 Active Voice
(common voice)
The object has
Subject + verb + complement always been part of
(object + complement) the complement in
sentences but in
• Alfonso Cuaron directed the movie Roma. here I separated it
• Yalitza Aparicio stars Roma. for you to catch it
better

As the Object is the most

Vs.
The verb be is
set in he tense
the active voice
is set
The main verb is
always in past
participle
It’s not necessary to mention
the subject, but if you want to
you can do it using by +
subject

important thing in the

passive voice the object is
going to be at the
beginning of our sentence,
Passive Voice
not in the middle, we’re
going to use the verb BE Obj. + v. BE + vpp + comp + by + subj.
as an auxiliary as well
• The movie Roma was directed by Alfonso Cuaron.
• Roma is starred by Yalitza Aparicio.
 TENSE ACTVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
Present simple Karla writes a song. A song is written by Karla.

Present continuous Karla is writting a song. A song is being written by Karla.

Present perfect Karla has written a song. A song has been written by Karla.

Past simple Karla wrote a song. A song was written by Karla.

Past continuous Karla was writting a song. A song was being written by Karla.

Past perfect Karla had written a song. A song had been written by Karla.

Future simple Karla will write a song A song will be written by Karla.

Future perfect Karla will have written a song A song will have been written by
Karla.