Group 4

CHAPTER 4
CONTENT
S
01 CONCLUSIONS
02 RECOMMENDATIONS

03 REFERENCES
CONCLUSIO
• The conclusion is intended to help the
NSreader understand why your research
should matter to them after they
have finished reading the paper.

• For most essays, one well-developed

paragraph is sufficient for a
conclusion, although in some cases, a
two-or-three paragraph conclusion
may be required.
FIVE ELEMENTS
1. Restate your research topic.
2. Restate the thesis.
3. Summarize the main points.
4. State the significance or results.
5. Conclude your thoughts.
TYPES OF CONCLUSIONS

1. SUMMARIZING CONCLUSION

2. EXTERNALIZING CONCLUSION

3. EDITORIAL CONCLUSION
 Importance of CONCLUSION

1 2 3 4

• Presenting the • Summarizing your • Demonstrating • Introducing

last word on thoughts and the importance possible new or
the issues you conveying the of your ideas. expanded ways of
raised in your larger implications thinking about the
paper. of your study. research problem.
GENERAL RULES:
Do not simply Indicate opportunities for
State your
reiterate your future research, as long
conclusions in clear, as you haven't already
results or the
simple language. done so in the discussion
discussion.
section of your paper.
RULE # RULE # 3
1 RULE # 2
 PROBLEMS TO AVOID WHEN
WRITING A CONCLUSION:

1. Failure to become concise.

2. Failure to comment on larger and more significant issues.

3. Failure to reveal problems and negative results.

4. Failure to provide a clear summary of what was learned

5. Failure to match the objectives of your research

6. Resist the urge to apologize

RECOMMENDATI
• A recommendation is a suggestion
ONS
or proposal for something that
should be done, as derived from
the findings.

• Recommendations are generally

included both in your conclusion
section (briefly) and in your
discussion section.
Recommendations for future
research should be:
1 2 3

Concrete Supported Directly

and specific with a clear connected to
rationale your research
Things to avoid when writing a
RECOMMENDATION:
1 2 3

Using
Undermining Supported
Lack of recommendations
your own with a clear
argument as a place for
work rationale self-criticism
REFERENCE
• A reference is a detailed
description of the source of
information that you want to
give credit to via a citation.
The references in research
papers are usually in the form
of a list at the end of the
paper.
 WHY REFERENCE IS IMPORTANT?

1.Helps you to avoid plagiarism by making it clear

which ideas are your own and which are someone else’s

2.Shows your understanding of the topic

3.Gives supporting evidence for your ideas,

arguments and opinions
4.Allows others to identify the sources you have
used
 FOUR WIDELY-USED REFERENCING
STYLES:

1. MLA (Modern Languages

. Association) System
Mission
2. APA (American Psychological Association) System,

3. The Harvard System

4. MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association)

System.
MLA (Modern Languages Association) System

• MLA style features brief

parenthetical citations in the
text keyed to an alphabetical list
of works cited that appears at
the end of the work.
MLA (Modern Languages Association) System

• MLA style features brief parenthetical

citations in the text keyed to an alphabetical
list of works cited that appears at the end
of the work.
APA (American Psychological Association) System
• APA format requires 1-inch margins at the top,
bottom, left and right of an 8 1/2 by 11-inch page,
with 12 point Times New Roman font. Double-space the
entire paper: between the title and the body of the
paper, within the title, any footnotes, in the
References, and in figure captions.
APA (American Psychological Association) System
APA (American Psychological Association) System
The Harvard System
• Harvard referencing style uses references in
two places in a piece of writing: in the text
and in a reference list at the end. In general,
each author name that appears in the text
must also appear in the reference list, and
every work in the reference list must also be
referred to in the main text.
The Harvard System
The Harvard System
MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) System

• MHRA uses a footnote citation system.

In the text, a reference number is added
in superscript1 after the information or
the end of the sentence, after any
punctuation. The reference numbers
increase in sequence throughout the
assignment (or chapter of a long piece of
work).
MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) System
THANKS
FOR
LISTENING
!
have a good day ahead
PROJECT
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TIMELINE
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CONCEPT
IN
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TESTIMONIAL
S Rufus Stewart
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Morgan Maxwell
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 OUR TEAM

Everest Cantu Drew Remy Marsh

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