CELL – it is the basic unit of life

THE THREE POSTULATES OF THE CELL THEORY ARE:

1. Cell is the basic or fundamental unit of life

2. All living organisms are made up of cell
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells

MAJOR PARTS OF THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION

Note: All cells have Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm and DNA (genetic material)

 ORGANELLE – “little organ” inside cell that has specialized jobs to perform
 NUCLEUS – the control center of the cell that contains DNA and NUCLEOLOS
 NUCLEOLUS- where Ribosomes are made
 RIBOSOMES- makes proteins and all other materials for cells
 MITOCHONDRION- the powerhouse of the cell makes ATP molecules that provides
energy for cell activities
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- where the Ribosomes are attached
 SMOOTH ER – no Ribosomes attached
 ROUGH ER- has Ribosomes attached
 CELL WALL – only present in Plant Cell and it provides structural support and strength
 CELL MEMBRANE – protects the cell from its outside environment or surroundings
 CYTOPLASM – where the organelles floats
 VACOULES- largest organelle in Plant Cell (also present in Animal) that stores different
materials
 GOLGI APPARATTUS – modifies or customized products to their final form
 LYSOSOME- mostly found in Animal Cell that breaks down cellular waste

THE TWO MAJOR TYPES OF CELLS ARE:

• PROKARYOTIC CELL – has simple structure with no membrane-bound organelles and

nucleus (ex: bacteria and amoeba)

• EUKARYOTIC CELL – has complex structure and has membrane-bound organelles and
nucleus (ex: plants, animals, fungus and protists)
MITOSIS (Asexual Reproduction)
 a type of cell division that results into the production of two diploid (2n) daughter
cells from a single parent cell
 it is responsible for GROWTH, REGENERATION and REPLACING of worn out cells
 occurs in SOMATIC CELLS; cells that are not involved in the production of GAMETES

PHASES OF MITOSIS CELL DIVISION

INTERPHASE – a phase right before the cell undergoes mitosis, it is where the DNA
replication happens and allows the cell to grow

PROPHASE- a phase where the mitotic spindle will begin to form, the chromosomes
will condense and the nuclear membrane will disappear together with the nucleus

METAPHASE- the sister chromatids will align at the equatorial plate that are attached
from the kinetochore microtubules
ANAPHASE- a phase where the separation of sister chromatids happens being pulled
by the kinetochore microtubules towards the pole that results into two identical
independent chromosomes

TELOPHASE- reverse phase of PROPHASE where the mitotic spindle disappears, the
chromosomes decondense and the nuclear membrane will reappear back together
with the nucleus

CYTOKENESIS -the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a
parental cell into two daughter cells
MEIOSIS (Sexual Reproduction)
 a type of cell division that results into the production of four haploid (n)
daughter cells each containing half the numbers of chromosomes of the
parent cell
 occurs in the production of GAMETES (reproductive or sex cells)
 has two successive cell divisions which is the MEIOSIS I and MEIOSIS II
 ensures genetic diversity

MEIOSIS I- produces two diploid (2n) daughter cells that has 46

chromosomes each

 PROPHASE I- a phase where the REPLICATION, SYNAPSIS and

exchanging of genetic materials (CROSSING OVER) happens. This is where
the meiotic spindle starts to form, the chromosomes will condense and
nuclear membrane will be gone together with the nucleus
 METAPHASE I – the homologous chromosomes will line up at the
equatorial plate and attach to spindle fiber from both poles
 ANAPHASE I- the sister chromatids will be separated by the kinetochore
microtubules
 TELOPHASE I- a phase where the nuclear membrane will be back
together with the nucleus and ends with two genetically different haploid
(n) daughter cells
 MEIOSIS II- the two haploid (n) daughter cells will then undergo
Meiosis II to create four haploid (n) daughter cells containing each with
the half of chromosomes of the parent cell

 PROPHASE II- no replication will happen anymore, but the nuclear

membrane will once again disappear together with the nucleus and the
meiotic spindle will form and the chromosomes will condense
 METAPHASE II- after that, homologous chromosomes will then line
up at the equatorial plate and attach to spindle fiber from both poles
 ANAPHASE II- the sister chromatids will then separate by the
kinetochore microtubules attaching from both poles
 TELOPHASE II- the spindle fiber will then disappear, the nuclear
membrane will reappear together with the nucleus and the chromosomes
will decondense and now ends with four haploid (n) daughter cells with
each half the numbers of chromosomes of the parent cell
CELL MEMBRANE (PARTS AND ITS FUNCTIONS)