Physical and Chemical Changes

of Matter
What is “Change”?
 It is the act of altering a substance.

 An event, NOT a trait.

Before condition  After condition.

 Can be PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL.

Physical Change
 Does not alter the chemical composition or
identity of the substance, only the form.

 Melting ice (change in state or phase)

 Freezing Kool-aid
 Tearing paper
 Boiling water (change in state or phase)
 Stretching silly putty
 Making a mixture (ex. Sugar water)
 Unmixing a mixture (ex. sorting)
Chemical Changes
 Does alter the chemical composition or identity
of a substance and makes new substances.

 Burning paper
 Digesting food
 Rotting
 Iron reacting with oxygen gas

 A chemical change is also called a chemical

reaction.
Is it Physical or Chemical?
Change Physical Chemical
Melting cheese
Burning wood
Milk souring
Wadding up paper
Bicycle rusting
All Changes of Matter Involve Energy
being Tranfered and Transformed
 Energy always moves between the system
and the surroundings during changes of
matter.

System = the chemicals of interest

Surroundings = everything else (including
the beaker and thermometer)

 Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can

only be transferred from place to place and
transformed from type to type (Law of
Conservation of Energy).
 Exothermic change - heat moves out
the the system into the surroundings.
The surroundings get hotter.

Surroundings
SystemSystem
 Endothermic change – Heat moves into
the system from the surroundings, so
the surroundings gets colder!

Surroundings

System
 Changes of Matter Demos

 Magnesium + oxygen gas 

 Ammonium nitrate + water 

Law of Conservation of Mass (1789)

 Matter is never created or destroyed in

chemical reactions.
 Mass of reactants = Mass of products
 Why???
Because atoms are simply rearranged
in new ways in chemical reactions.
(LEGO analogy)
Parts of a Chemical Reaction

Reactants  Products

 Reactants: Substances that are broken

down by the chemical change.
 Products: Substances created by the
chemical change.
  Means “Yields”
Evidence for Chemical Reaction

1) Evolution of light.
Evidence for Chemical Reaction

2) Temperature Change.
Evidence for Chemical Reaction

3) Formation of a new Gas/Bubbles.

Evidence for Chemical Reaction

4) Color Changes.
Evidence for Chemical Reaction

5) Formation of a solid precipitate.

Chemical Reactions Produce New
Substance with New Properties

Ex. Iron Plus Oxygen Yields Rust

4 Fe (s) + 3O2 (g)  2 Fe2O3 (s)

Iron Oxygen Rust

Physical
Properties

Chemical
Properties

Mass 226 g 93 g 319 g

 States of Matter
 The 3 main states of matter: solid, liquid, gas.

 Changes in state are physical changes (no

change in composition).

 Temperature is caused by the vibrational

(kinetic) energy of atoms or molecules.

 As temperature increases, 1) solids turn to

liquids, and 2) liquids turn to gases.
States of Matter for H2O
 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
 A theory that describes the differences between
the states of matter in terms of particle behavior

1) all matter is made of tiny particles (atoms,

molecules)
2) particles in matter are constantly moving
(vibrating) , except at absolute zero
3) The volume that matter occupies is mainly due
to the space between particles rather than the
particles themselves; the particles are very small
Kinetic Molecular Theory - Continued
4) In a solid, attractive forces hold the
particles close together, although they still
vibrate in positions.
5) In a liquid, the particles may move past
one another, particles motions are slightly
more random, and particles are spread out
slightly more than in the solid. Attractions
between particles are still important.
6) In a gas, particles are very spread out.
They move in straight line, random paths until
they collide elastically with each other or the
walls of the container. Attractive forces
between particles are negligible.
 Definite Definite Compressible?
Shape? Volume?
GAS N N Y
LIQUID N Y N
SOLID Y Y N
CHANGES OF STATE
 THE 3 TEMPERATURE SCALES
Symbol Reference Points

Celsius C Water freezes at 0C;

Water boils at 100C.
Fahrenheit F Water freezes at 32F.
Body temp. = 98.6F.
Kelvin K Atoms and molecules
stop vibrating at 0 K
(absolute zero).
THE 3 TEMPERATURE SCALES
THE 3 TEMPERATURE SCALES
Tc = (Tf - 32) / 1.8

Tf = (1.8)*Tc + 32

Tk = Tc + 273.15

Tc = Tk – 273.15