REVIEW QUESTIONS IN

ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
DR. ALONA T. BADUA
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
The parasympathetic nervous system is called
the craniosacral system because the nerve
fibers arise from the cranial nerves and
sacral portion of the spinal cord. The
following are the effects of
parasympathetic stimulation of a given
organ except:
A. contracts pupil of the eye
B. dilate blood vessels
C. accelerates heartbeat
D. excites gastrointestinal motility
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Accelerates heartbeat Slows heartbeat and

and amplitude amplitude
Dilates pupil of eye Contracts pupil of eye

Constrict blood vessels Dilate blood vessels

Inhibits gastrointestinal Excites gastrointestinal

motility motility
Reflex centers are located throughout the
central nervous system and are involved
with the integration of more complex
reflexes. When the animal sneeze and
cough, the reflex center involved in these
reactions is the:
A. hypothalamus
B. cerebellum
C. medulla oblongata
D. cerebrum
 Reflex centers
• medulla oblongata - for control of heart
action, vessel size, coughing and sneezing
• cerebellum - associated with locomotion and
posture
• hypothalamus - temperature regulation and
water balance
• cerebrum - pupillary reflex and general
startle reaction to loud voices or frightening
objects
The retina is the innermost tunic of the eye which is
composed of the light-sensitive cell layer
consisting of the rods and cones. Which of the
following is not true about the rods and cones?
A. rods are more sensitive to light than cones
B. cones are responsible for the color vision
C. at dusk or when light intensity is low, the
cones
are sensitive
D. none of the above
 Rods and Cones
• The retina contains the rods and cones which are
receptive to light stimuli
• The rods are more sensitive to light than the
cones and are important for visual perception
when the light is of low intensity as at dusk and
after dark
• Cones are not as sensitive to light as the rods and
they are important when the light intensity is high
as in day light
• Cones are also responsible for color vision in
animals
The following statements described the similarities
and differences of muscle cells of the body
except:
A. both skeletal and visceral muscles are striated
B. all muscle cells are capable of contraction or
shortening of cell
C. cardiac and visceral muscles are involuntary in
action
D. all muscle cells are capable of undergoing
hypertrophy
 Types of muscles
A. Smooth (involuntary, visceral, unstriated) muscle
– no visible striations
– found in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, urogenital system, walls
of blood vessel
– muscle contractions are involuntary
B. Cardiac (involuntary, striated) muscle
- contraction is inherent and rhythmic , requiring no nerve
stimulus
- it possess cross striations of striped muscle but the nuclei are
located centrally rather than on the periphery of the muscle
bundles
C. Skeletal (voluntary, striated) muscle
- composed of long, unbranched, multinucleated fibers
- each muscle fiber is crossed transversely by dark bands or
striations
Water is the most abundant constituent of
the body fluids comprising 60% of the
total body weight. The following
statements best described the functions of
water except:
A. it functions as a lubricant
B. helps regulate body temperature
C. transport glandular products
D. none of the above
 Functions of water
• Solvents for all water-soluble substances in
the body
• Transports nutrients to the cells and waste
products and secretory products from the
cells
• Involves in many biochemical reactions in
the body
• Temperature regulation
• Acts as lubricant for body surfaces
If certain organ reached normal size and it
decrease its size, the term for this is
A. atrophy
B. hypertrophy
C. aplasia
D. hypoplasia
 Definition about terminologies on
growth
Growth – refers to increase in size usually by
increasing in the amount of protoplasm
Hypertrophy - increase in size of a cell or
organ beyond normal
Atrophy – decrease in size from normal
Aplasia - failure of a tissue or organ to develop
Hypoplasia – incomplete development or
defective development of a tissue or organ
If an animal had an allergic response, what
kind of white blood cells will increase in
number in respond to the allergens?
A. neutrophils
B. lymphocytes
C. eosinophils
D. basophils
 White blood cells
1. Granulocytes – contain granules within the cytoplasm that
are easily stained
• neutrophils – first line of defense against infection and
constitute the greatest number of all the white blood cells
• eosinophils – increases in number during allergic
reactions
• basophils – mast cell formation
2. Agranulocytes – these are cells that do not contain or
contain very little granular material in their cytoplasm
• monocytes – largest white blood cells and involved in
phagocytosis
• lymphocytes – it produces antibodies, neutralize or fix
toxins
Ions are inorganic substances that maintain a
constant pH and help regulate osmotic
pressure. Which of the following is not
considered a major ion?
A. phosphorus
B. potassium
C. sodium
D. chloride
 Ions in the body
Functions:
• maintain a constant pH and help regulate
osmotic pressure
• essential to nerve and muscle function
• major ions found within the cells: potassium,
phosphate, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate,
chloride
What will happen to a red blood cell when
its bathing fluid has lower osmotic
pressure than the cell?
A. the cell will move
B. the cell will shrink
C. the cell will burst
D. the cell will grow
Concentration of solution in relation to the
cells:
• isotonic – if the concentration of solutions on
each side of a membrane is the same
• hypotonic – is the bathing fluid has a lower
osmotic pressure than the cells and water tend
to cross the membrane and enter the cells
• hypertonic – if the bathing fluid has a higher
osmotic pressure than the cells and the cell
will lose water and become wrinkled
What part of the bone is responsible for the
increase in the length of a growing bone?
A. the epiphysis
B. the epiphyseal cartilage
C. the marrow cavity
D. the diaphysis
 Part of the bone
• Epiphysis – refers to either extremity of the
long bone
• Diaphysis - cylindrical shaft of a long bone
situated between the epiphyses
• Epiphyseal cartilage or disk (physis) – layer
of hyaline cartilage that separates. This is the
only area in which a bone can increase in
length
• Periosteum - fibrous membrane that covers
the surface of the bone. It is responsible for
increase in the diameter of bones and it
functions in the healing of fractures
The carpals correspond to the knees of
horse, these are involved in absorbing the
pressure when the horse kneel, what type
of bones are the carpals?
A. long bone
B. short bone
C. irregular bone
D. flat bone
 Classification of bone according to
gross appearance
1. long bone
- humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula
2. short bone
- tarsus and carpus
3. flat bone
- scapulae and pelvic bone
4. sesamoid bone
- patella
5. irregular bone
- vertebrae
The following statements describe the
physiological response of bone except:
A. bone can decrease in size
B. bone can increase in size
C. bone can undergo repair
D. bone cannot reshape itself
 Physiology of the bone
• Bone can decrease in size, increase in size, repair bone,
can reshape itself according to good engineering
principles to sustain a maximum of stress with a
minimum of bone tissue
• Atrophy of the bones occurs when pressure is constant
and excessive, when periods of pressure exceed periods
of release and when there is little or no stress
• Excessive pressure on growing bone will slow down or
stop bone growth while in mature bone it may stimulate a
response of either excess growth or rearrangement of
structure
The enarthrodial joint moves just like a ball
and a socket, which of the following is
the best example of this joint:
A. atlanto-axial joint
B. carpal joint
C. hip joint
D. fetlock joint
 Types of movable joints
1. ginglymus (hinge) joint – move only in the
sagittal plane. e.g. fetlock joint
2. arthrodial joint – have only a slight gliding
movement between relatively flat opened
surfaces. e.g. joints between adjacent carpal
bones
3. trochoid (pivot) joints – rotary movement
occurs around one axis e.g. atlanto-axial joint
4. enarthrodial or ball and socket joint – permit
movement in nearly any direction e.g. coxo-
femoral or hip joint
The cardiovascular system is composed of the
blood vessels together with the heart, the
following are the functions of this system
except:
A. carries oxygen to the lungs from the
different
tissues
B. transports hormone
C. assists in overcoming diseases
D. helps maintain water equilibrium in the
body
 Functions of the cardiovascular
system
• Assist in body temperature control
• Assist in maintaining a constant pH of body fluids
• Assist with the defense of the body against diseases
• Distribution of nutrients absorbed from the digestive
tract
• Transport of oxygen from the lungs to cells and
transport of carbon dioxide from metabolizing cells to
the lungs
• Transport of waste products from metabolizing cells to
the kidneys for excretion
• Transport of hormones from endocrine glands to target
cells
Blood is being oxygenated in the lungs and it
goes back to the heart and passes to the
following structures except?
A. caudal vena cava
B. left atrium
C. bicuspid valve
D. aorta
Structures of the heart
This type of blood circulation functions to
transport nutrients from the digestive tract
to the liver.
A. pulmonary
B. systemic
C. portal
D. cardiac
 Types of blood circulation
1. cardiac – which involves the heart
2. pulmonary – which involves the lungs
3. systemic – which involves the general
body area
4. portal – which involves the intestines and
the liver
The respiratory system is a complementary
system of the cardiovascular system which is
involved in the following functions except:
A. supply oxygen to the blood and remove
carbon dioxide from the blood
B. temperature regulation
C. elimination of water
D. overcoming diseases
 Functions of the respiratory system
• Supplies oxygen to the blood
• Removes carbon dioxide from the blood
• Assist in the regulation of the acidity of the
extracellular fluid of the body
• Temperature regulation
• Elimination of water
• Phonation (voice production)
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive
system, and it functions as follows
except:
A. initial breakdown of food
B. use for grasping mechanism
C. use as offensive and defensive weapon
D. for chemical digestion of food
 The mouth
• beginning of the digestive system
• includes the lips, tongue, teeth and salivary
glands
• responsible for the initial breakdown of food
materials and serves as a prehensile (grasping)
mechanism and as a defensive and offensive
weapon
The front cutting teeth of animals are
referred to as the:
A. canine
B. premolars
C. incisors
D. tusks
Types of teeth according to function
• cutting teeth (incisors)
• tearing or seizing teeth (canines)
• grinding or shearing (premolars and
molars)
This is considered as the first glandular
portion of the ruminant digestive system
A. rumen
B. omasum
C. reticulum
D. abomasum
 Compartment of the ruminant
stomach
1. rumen (paunch) – largest part in adult and serves as a
fermentation vat, organ of maceration, site of bacterial
digestion and organ of absorption
2. reticulum (honeycomb) – smallest and it receives heavy
matter in food and act as a liquid reservoir to soften these
materials
3. omasum (manyplies) – spherical organ filled with muscular
laminae and this grind roughage before it enters the
abomasum
4. abomasum (true stomach) – secretes gastric enzymes and
hydrochloric acid
Which is not true about the digestive system
of chicken?
A. prehension is a function of the beak
B. the crop serves as temporary storage
for
food
C. there are two cecae and no rectum in
chicken
D. the stomach is divided into a glandular
and muscular portion
 The avian digestive system
• Prehension is a function of the beak
• The tongue is hard and relatively inflexible
• The esophagus dilates near the thoracic inlet to form
the crop that serves as a temporary storage for food
• The stomach is divided into two parts: the glandular
stomach (proventriculus) and the muscular stomach
(ventriculus or gizzard)
• Small intestine does not differ in function and
structure as in mammals
• There are two cecae and the rectum is short and
straight and expands rapidly to form the cloaca
Rennin is an enzyme that coagulates milk
and reduces its rate of passage through
the gastrointestinal stomach. It is secreted
in the stomach of what animal?
A. pig
B. dog
C. horse
D. cow
There are three processes involved in urine
formation, which of the following is not
included:
A. glomerular filtration
B. selective tubular reabsorption
C. selective tubular absorption
D. selective tubular secretion
 3 processes involved in
urine formation
• Glomerular filtration – blood being filtered in
the glomerulus
• Tubular reabsorption – substances pass
through the tubular epithelial cells, diffuse to
the interstitial fluid and enter the capillary
• Tubular secretion – substances leave the
capillary, diffuse through the interstitial fluid
and pass through the tubular epithelial cell into
the tubular lumen
This hormone is involved in the regulation
of kidney function by increasing the
reabsorption of sodium ions to decrease
urine volume
A. ADH
B. aldosterone
C. renin
D. pitocin
 Hormones in urine control
• ADH stimulates increase absorption of water,
which in turn produces decrease fluid excretion
• Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of
sodium ions and acts on all parts of the tubules
• Renin is secreted by the cells of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus whenever the mean
arterial pressure or blood flow volume through
the kidneys is reduced
• Oxytocin or pitocin stimulates the muscular
coats of the uterus, gut and urinary bladder and
in addition stimulates milk let down of milk in
lactating animals
The testis is consists of a mass of coiled
seminiferous tubules which contains what
type of cells that secrete the hormone
testosterone?
A. Sertoli cells
B. sustentacular cells
C. Leydig cells
D. sperm cells
• The testes or testicles consists of a mass of
seminiferous tubules surrounded by a heavy
fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea.
The cells of Leydig, which secrete the male
hormone, are located in the connective tissue
between the seminiferous tubules
• Sertoli or sustentacular cells or nurse cells
are cells found scattered among the sex cells
within the seminiferous tubules. They
apparently supply nutrition to the maturing
spermatids.
Which statement is not true about animals
whose testis/testes failed to descend into
the scrotum?
A. a cryptorchid is likely to be sterile
B. a monorchid is fertile
C. both cryptorchid and monorchid
produce testosterone
D. both cryptorchid and monorchid could
be used as breeders
 Descent of testes
• Descent of the testes is complete by birth or
soon after but there are some wherein the
descent is incomplete
• individuals who have this defect involving
both testicles are called cryptorchid
• If only one testicle fails to descent completely,
the animal is called a monorchid
If a castrated male pig is termed barrow, a
castrated chicken is capon, the term for a
male sheep with intact testicles is:
A. steer
B. wether
C. ram
D. buck
• Steer – a male cattle castrated before the
development of secondary sex
characteristics
• Wether – a castrated young male sheep
or goat before puberty
• Ram – a male sheep with intact testicles
• Buck – a male goat with intact testicles
Ampullae are glandular enlargements
associated with the terminal parts of the
ductus deferens. They are well developed
in the following animals except:
A. stallion
B. boar
C. bull
D. ram
Spermatids are the cells resulting from the
second meiotic division in the
seminiferous tubules. What is the term for
series of functional and structural changes
undergone by a spermatid to become a
spermatozoa?
A. spermatogenesis
B. spermiogenesis
C. acrosome reaction
D. mitosis
• Spermatogenesis – the process by which
primary sex cells in the testis produce
spermatozoa
• Spermiogenesis – refers to series of functional
and structural changes undergone by a
spermatid to become a spermatozoa
The muscular portion of the uterine wall
which usually contracts during parturition
is called
A. epimetrium
B. myometrium
C. perimetrium
D. endometrium
• The complete uterus consists of two horns, a
body and a neck. It functions as site of
placental and fetal development.
• The endometrium is the mucous membrane
lining of the uterus and the myometrium is
the muscular portion of the walls of the uterus
There are different types of uterus; one of
this is the bicornuate type which is found
in
A. cow
B. sow
C. mare
D. ewe
 Types of uterus
1. Didelphic – with two separate vagina, cervices and
uterine horns
e.g.opossum
2. Duplex - with a vagina, two cervices and uterine
horns e.g. rats
3. Bicornuate – with vagina, cervix and uterine horns
e.g. sow
4. Bipartite – with vagina, cervix, a body, neck and
horn of uterus e.g. mare, cow,ewe
5. Simplex- with a vagina, cervix and body of uterus
e.g. human and primate
This hormone is responsible for the rupture
of fully grown follicles in the ovary
A. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
B. Luteinizing Hormone
C. estrogen
D. progesterone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• stimulates the growth of Graafian follicles in the ovary
and the production of spermatozoa in male
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• stimulates ovulation and the development of the
corpus luteum in the ovary and causes the secretion of
testosterone in male
Estrogen
• responsible for the development of the female
secondary characteristics and body conformation
Progesterone
• prepared the uterus for reception of a fertilized ovum,
suppress the development of new graafian follicles,
prepare the mammary gland for lactation and suppress
heat or estrus
The most important factor associated with
seasonal breeding in domestic animals is:
A. nutritional status of the animals
B. the specie characteristics
C. photoperiod
D. the age of the animals
Which of the following animals has a
mushroom-like projection from the
endometrium for attachment of the
placenta?
A. doe
B. sow
C. mare
D. bitch
 Types of placentation
• non-deciduous- the uterine wall is not shed at
birth
– diffuse – placenta is loosely attached over the
entire wall e.g. horse, pig
– cotyledonary – placenta is well attached to the
uterus by means of caruncles or cotyledons e.g.
ruminants
• deciduous – placental portion of the uterus is
shed at birth with resistant hemorrhage
– zonary – placenta is firmly and intimately attached
to the uterus along a narrow cylindrical zone
passing around the inner surface of the uterus e.g.
dog, cat
– discoidal – placenta is firmly and intimately
attached to the uterus at a disc-shaped area e.g.
man, guinea pig, rat
These are basket cells that surround the
alveoli and ducts that causes contraction
during milk let down
A. glomerulus
B. myoepithelial cells
C. lacteals
D. capillaries
• The alveoli and ducts are surrounded by
contractile myoepithelial cells, which are also
called basket cells. These cells contract when
the milk letdown occurs.
The major protein constituent of milk that
comprise the known curd is
A. rennin
B. casein
C. albumin
D. inhibin
• Caseins constitute the major part of the milk
proteins.
• These protein fractions are insoluble at a pH of
4.6 and comprise what is known as the curd.
In ruminants, dietary carbohydrates are
fermented in the rumen to become
volatile fatty acids. What VFA is the
major source of glucose and glycogen in
the ruminant?
A. propionic acid
B. acetic acid
C. lactic acid
D. butyric acid
• Ruminant microflora break down cellulose
into digestible polysaccharides (Volatile Fatty
Acid) – acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric
acid
• These substances pass into the bloodstream
through the rumen wall.
• Utilization of volatile fatty acid acetate
provides nonspecific source of energy and can
be synthesized into fatty acid or ketone bodies
• Propionate is synthesized into glucose by the
liver and provides about half the total glucose,
which enters a ruminant metabolism. Butyrate
can give rise to acetate and form ketone
bodies.
In newborn ruminant, the largest
compartment of its stomach is the:
A. omasum
B. rumen
C. abomasum
D. reticulum
Only the exocrine secretions of the
pancreas are involved in the digestive
process. Which of the following
secretions are involved in the
neutralization of the chyme from the
stomach?
A. protease
B. lipase
C. bicarbonates
D. amylase
Pancreatic protease – enzyme that acts on
proteins
Pancreatic lipase – enzyme that hydrolyzes
dietary triglycerides (fats)
Pancreatic amylase – enzyme that
hydrolyzes starch
Bicarbonates – neutralize acidity of chyme
from stomach
When an animal is exposed to extreme
environmental heat, which will not be a
physiologic response of its body?
A. there will be vasodilation
B. there will be vasoconstriction
C. there will be an increase in evaporation
loss like sweating and panting
D. all of the above
 Response to heat stress
• Peripheral vasodilation
• Increased evaporative cooling
• Behavioral methods
The epididymis is a male structure with the
following functions except:
A. serves as storage space for
spermatozoa
B. reabsorbs seminiferous tubular fluid
C. site of maturation for spermatozoa
D. none of the above
 Functions of epididymis
• Serves as storage depot of spermatozoa
• Allows spermatozoa to reach maturity
and become motile
• Reabsorption of seminiferous tubular
fluid which occurs in the head of the
epididymis
The S-shape structure in the penis is called
the sigmoid flexure. Erection causes
extension of this structure. Sigmoid
flexure is located pre-scrotally in what
male animal?
A. boar
B. stallion
C. bull
D. ram
• Ruminants – Sigmoid flexure is located
post-scrotally
• Pig – Sigmoid flexure is located pre-
scrotally
Which of these muscles pull the flaccid
penis back into the prepuce during
ejaculation?
A. bulbospongiosus muscle
B. retractor penis muscle
C. ischiocavernous muscle
D. cremaster muscle
 Muscles of Male Genitalia
• Cremaster muscle – this muscle pulls the
testis up against the external inguinal ring
particularly in cold weather
• Bulbospongiosus muscle – helps in transport
of urine or semen through the pelvic urethra
• Ischiocavernous muscles – pull the penis
upward against the floor of the pelvis
• Retractor penis muscles – pull the flaccid
penis back into the prepuce
Testosterone is the hormone secreted by the male
animal. The following are the functions of this
hormone except:
A. development and maintenance of libido
B. development of Leydig cells
C. responsible for the secretory activity of the
accessory organs
D. development of body features associated
with the male
 Functions of testosterone
• It is responsible for the male secondary sex
characteristic, body conformation, muscular
development and libido or sex drive
• They also stimulate growth and development and
activity of the male accessory sex glands, activate
spermatogenesis and the development of the
testicles
• Maintain the viability of the spermatozoa in the
testicle duct system and stimulate growth of the
penis
Estrogen is the female hormone secreted by the
ovarian follicle, it is involved in the following
functions except:
A. initiation of sexual receptivity
B. regulation of secretion of luteinizing
hormone
C. promotion of the lobuloalveolar growth in
the mammary gland
D. stimulation of duct growth in the mammary
gland
 Functions of Estrogen
• Stimulation of endometrial gland growth
• Stimulation of the duct growth in the
mammary gland
• Initiation of sexual receptivity
• Regulation of secretion of LH
Ovulation is spontaneous in all domestic
species except for this animal which are
considered reflex ovulators:
A. sow
B. queen
C. cow
D. bitch
The following are the different alternatives
after metestrus in domestic animals except:
A. pregnancy
B. sexual receptivity
C. anestrus
D. diestrus
 THE ESTROUS CYCLE

Phases of estrous cycle:

• Proestrus
• Estrus
• Metestrus
• Diestrus
 Alternatives after metestrus
• Pregnancy
• Diestrus
• Anestrus
• Pseudopregnancy
A depraved appetite is recognized in
animals when they are eating dirt, wood
and other materials not usually
considered to be foodstuffs. The depraved
condition is termed
A. dehydration
B. starvation
C. pica
D. bolemia
Animals use odors to communicate with each
other. What do you call the chemicals secreted
by the animal that is use for marking trails or
boundaries, recognizing individuals from the
same herd or nest, marking the location of
food sources and emitting alarms?
A. hormones
B. scent glands
C. pheromones
D. musk
An afterbirth is delivered soon after birth
but it may accompany the fetus or
precede it. Another name for the
afterbirth is
A. trophoblast
B. extra-embryonic membranes
C. epitheliochorial
D. yolk sac
 Fetal placenta or extra-embryonic
membranes
• chorion – outer most membrane which is in
contact with the maternal uterus
• amnion – innermost membrane closest to the
fetus
• allantois – located between the amnion and
chorion and sometimes called the first water
bag
Ventilation is the process by which air is
moved in and out of the lungs. The
volume of air that moved during each
breath is known as
A. Residual Volume
B. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
C. Tidal Volume
D. Expiratory Reserve Volume
 Lung volumes
• the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs
during one respiratory cycle is the tidal volume
• during forced inspiration, an additional volume,
the inspiratory reserve volume, can be inhaled
into the lungs
• during a maximal forced expiration, an
expiratory reserve volume can be exhaled, but
there remains a residual volume in the lungs
This structure is considered as site of
exchange between blood and the
interstitial fluid that surrounds all cells
A. alveoli
B. glomerulus
C. capillaries
D. lymph vessels
Capillaries – minute blood vessels that lie
between the terminal arteries and the
beginning of veins. This is where the transfer
nutrients from blood to tissues and waste
products from tissues (interstitial cells) to
blood occurs
Alveoli – functional unit of the lungs
Glomerulus - tuft of capillaries interposed on
the course of an arteriole in the nephron
Lymph vessels – vessels involved in the
lymphatic system
This cuplike leaflet structure of the heart
allows only blood flows from the
ventricle into the artery and not in the
opposite direction.
A. atrioventricular valve
B. sino-atrial valve
C. semilunar valve
D. auricular valve
Digestion of roughages in ruminant happens in
the rumen, however in young ruminants, this
structure causes milk to bypass the rumen and
reticulum and pass through the omasum
directly to the abomasum.
A. esophageal groove
B. ruminoreticular groove
C. ruminal pillar
D. esophageal sphincter
Hormones have different modes of
transmission, if a hormone is transported
through blood circulation, this is referred
to as
A. neurocrine transmission
B. paracrine transmission
C. endocrine transmission
D. exocrine transmission
 Modes of transmission of hormones
• Neurocrine – hormones diffuse through
synaptic clefts between neurons (oxytocin)
• Paracrine – hormones diffuse through
interstitial fluid (prostaglandin)
• Endocrine – hormones transported through
blood circulation (FSH)
• Exocrine – hormone is secreted to the exterior
of the body (enterogastrone)
Erythropoietin is a hormone which
regulates erythrocyte production in
normal animal; this hormone is secreted
by what organ of the body?
A. stomach
B. bone
C. kidney
D. liver
• Erythropoietin (Erythrocyte Stimulating
Factor or ESF) is a hormone secreted by the
kidneys responsible for the regulation of
erythrocyte production in normal animal
The skull, vertebral bones, ribs and sternum
belong to what division of the body
skeleton?
A. axial skeleton
B. appendicular skeleton
C. visceral skeleton
D. irregular skeleton
 Divisions of the body skeleton
• axial skeleton – composed of the bones
of the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
• appendicular skeleton – composed of
the bones of the anterior and posterior
limbs
• visceral skeleton – bones that developed
in the soft tissues of the body
Synarthrodial joints are joints which are
united by fibrous tissue or cartilage. The
joint between a tooth and its socket is an
example of what type of immovable
joint?
A. sutures
B. syndesmoses
C. synchondroses
D. gomphosis
 Types of immovable joints
1. sutures – joints where bones are united by fibrous
connective tissue (ligaments) along lines which can
be extremely irregular. e.g. joints found in the skull
2. syndesmoses – joints in which white fibrous and/or
yellow elastic tissues unite the bones. e.g. union of
the shafts of the metacarpals in horse
3. synchondroses – joints in which bones are united by
cartilage. e.g. union of the diaphysis and epiphysis of
an immature bone
4. symphysis – joints in which bones are united by
flattened discs of fibrocartilage. e.g. between bodies
of adjacent vertebrae
5. gomphosis – joints between a tooth and its socket
This portion of the brain does not
subdivide during development from
embryo to adult
A. forebrain
B. midbrain
C. hindbrain
D. pituitary stalk
 Parts of the brain
• The three main regions of the brain are the hindbrain
(rhombencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon) and
the forebrain (prosencephalon).
• Hindbrain- composed of the cerebellum, pons,
medulla oblongata and the fourth ventricle.
• Midbrain - portion of the brain that does not
subdivide during the development from embryo to
adult and composed of the two cerebral peduncles
and the four quadrigeminal bodies
• Forebrain- composed of the thalamus,
hypothalamus,
third ventricles, cerebrum, olfactory tracts and
bulbs
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals
which relay, amplify, and modulate signals
between a a neuron and another cell. The
following are examples of neurotransmitters
except:
A. acetylcholine
B. norepinephrine
C. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
D. glycerol
 Neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine (parasympathetic
neurotransmitter)
• Norepinephrine or noradrenalin
(sympathetic neurotransmitter)
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Glycine
The blood is composed of cellular and fluid
elements, if a blood was collected from
the animal and was allowed to clot; the
fluid found on the clotted blood is termed
A. plasma
B. serum
C. fibrinogen
D. thrombin
This refers to the range of temperature in
which the animal’s performance could be
maximized:
A. comfort zone
B. critical temperature
C. adaptation zone
D. acclimatization temperature
• Comfort zone – range of temperature at
which the animal’s performance is
maximized
• Critical temperature – temperature at
which an animal must increase or
decrease the oxidation of energy sources
in order to maintain body temperature
The structures of the integumentary system
have these functions except:
A. protective envelope
B. secretory and excretory mechanism
C. temperature regulation
D. serve as levers
 Functions of the integumentary
system
• functions as a protective envelope
• as a secretory and excretory mechanism
• as a sense organ
• temperature-regulating device
• as a respiratory structure
The water content of the animal is
distributed on the different parts of the
body. The largest distribution is found in
the
A. intracellular fluid
B. blood plasma
C. extracellular fluid
D. interstitial fluid
The total body water can be divided into two
major parts:
intracellular fluid – 70%
extracellular fluid – 30%
– transcellular fluid – found in special
locations in the body e.g. pericardial fluid,
peritoneal and pleural fluid, cerebrospinal
fluid
– interstitial fluid – forms bulk of the ECF and
found in the tissue spaces surrounding the
cells
– digestive fluid (gut water)
During panting, there is an increase in
ventilatory rate but reduced tidal volume
because the increase in air movement is
primarily in the upper airways that are not sites
of gas exchange. These airways are called:
A. atmospheric dead space
B. lung dead space
C. anatomic dead space
D. physiologic dead space
This condition results when gas in the
rumen of ruminants is not eliminated by
eructation or belching
A. emphysema
B. tetany
C. bloat
D. colic
The following hormones are involved in
lactogenesis except:
A. prolactin
B. ACTH
C. progesterone
D. estrogen
Which of the following lymphoid organs is
necessary during the early life of an
animal?
A. spleen
B. tonsils
C. liver
D. peyer’s patches
This mineral is needed in the proper
function of the thyroid gland and present
in the hormone thyroxine
A. copper
B. iron
C. iodine
D. calcium
The main structures involved in Angiology
A. heart and blood vessels
B. joints and bones
C. stomach and intestines
D. eyes and nose
Which is not a function of proteins?
A. permits muscle contraction
B. maintains osmotic pressure
C. transmit genetic information
D. temperature regulation
The influx of sodium ions inside the nerve
cell results to ___________ of the resting
membrane potential
A. polarization
B. depolarization
C. hyperpolarization
D. inverse polarization
The part of the chicken’s oviduct where the
egg stays longest is in the
A. vagina
B. magnum
C. isthmus
D. uterus
In the nervous system there is a tiny gap
between two neurons which nerve
impulse can pass and this cannot
normally be bridged unless there is a
conducting medium present. This gap is
known as
A. vesicular knob
B. dendrite
C. synapse
D. reflex arc